tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46848368923567555672024-03-14T00:20:59.555-07:00The Rising TideStrategies for a Sustainable FutureShaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.comBlogger1241125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-61817439598104196542023-11-21T21:04:00.000-08:002023-11-21T21:04:21.236-08:00OLD FASHIONED DRIED APPLE STACK CAKE<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 22.5px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br />Here's the Real Deal</span></p><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22.5px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Thanks Roxie <span class="x3nfvp2 x1j61x8r x1fcty0u xdj266r xhhsvwb xat24cr xgzva0m xxymvpz xlup9mm x1kky2od" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline-flex; font-family: inherit; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;"><img alt="❤" class="xz74otr" height="16" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tf3/1.5/16/2764.png" style="animation-name: none !important; border: 0px; object-fit: fill; transition-property: none !important;" width="16" /></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22.5px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">OLD FASHIONED STACK CAKE</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">(A <span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><a style="animation-name: none !important; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>tried and true Appalachian tradition)</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">6 cups flour</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1/2 t. soda</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1 t. salt</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">2 t. ginger</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1 t. cinnamon</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1 t. allspice</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1/2 t. cloves</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">3/4 cup solid shortening</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1 cup sugar (1/2 white and 1/2 brown)</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1 cup molasses</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">3 eggs</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1 t. vanilla</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">1/2 cup buttermilk</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgymMLmp8XzE2As8U1JU9KARwOWKTObO0HgI9m9fwofkhJYYiodRhfaFbZ7V-u5cFKpe5tb6YE0REXYfRZci7mIvQjKmO8fLHcyC8IdpvdAg-e1MpVWbKJlanptV2ZJy3rkJ-nmbDy6o9xlshZjPbd3ViNFC0PNSyzz9WmoLBPxDh52QQzGJfbrjialaSc/s1200/aApple%20OLD%20FASHIONED%20STACK%20CAKE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgymMLmp8XzE2As8U1JU9KARwOWKTObO0HgI9m9fwofkhJYYiodRhfaFbZ7V-u5cFKpe5tb6YE0REXYfRZci7mIvQjKmO8fLHcyC8IdpvdAg-e1MpVWbKJlanptV2ZJy3rkJ-nmbDy6o9xlshZjPbd3ViNFC0PNSyzz9WmoLBPxDh52QQzGJfbrjialaSc/s320/aApple%20OLD%20FASHIONED%20STACK%20CAKE.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Sift the dry ingredients in one bowl and set aside. In another Large bowl cream the shortening and sugars and add 1 cup molasses and mix well. Beat in 3 eggs, one at a time. Add 1 tsp. vanilla. Then add 1/2 cup buttermilk, alternately with dry ingredients. Place dough on a floured surface and work in enough extra flour to make it easy to handle, but not stiff.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Divide into 8 portions at a time. Pat one portion at a time into 9" round pans. Press down with your fingers evenly over bottom of pans.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Bake at 375* until light brown, around 12 mins. Cool completely. When all layers have baked and cooled, put together with the seasoned apples mixture. Store cake in fridge in airtight container for 24 to 48 hours to moisten. Freezes well.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Now here is the way to season the apples before you spread between the cake layers.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Use 20 to 24 oz. of evaporated (dried) apples. Add about 1 t. of cinnamon, 1/2 t. cloves, allspice and nutmeg. Add 1/3 to 1/2 cup brown sugar. Taste and adjust. Mash apples and makes sure they are juicy enough (add water as needed as they cook). They should be the consistency of applesauce. Cool and use generously between each layer of cake.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">It makes a BIG CAKE as you can see, and you can freeze part if you choose. The house smells absolutely wonderful while it is baking! My grandmother made this cake every year, so I am carrying on the tradition.</div></div><p><br /></p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-35100419785045908822023-11-11T17:05:00.000-08:002023-11-11T17:05:08.634-08:00Chickasaw Choctaw 1724<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chickasaw_Society_and_Religion/Kx0cctZXE0IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&fbclid=IwAR02YTg5PK97qmddCI7mf_onkuKDCRhuKQ8Dw7iK-mSsaThlUuPUH2fUJPA</p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-47954807557210121582023-09-14T12:30:00.000-07:002023-09-14T12:30:08.291-07:00Rumsfeld and the missing 2.3 trillion dollars<p> </p><p><br /></p><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space-collapse: preserve;">"Never forget the dozens of bloody, crying firemen who screamed about the bombs in the towers and the lobby before and after the planes hit.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Never forget the 2,300,000,000,000 dollars that was reported missing by Donald Rumsfeld the day before 9/11.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Never forget that the controller in charge of the Pentagon's budget was Dov Zakheim who lost the 2.3 trillion dollars by doing poor book keeping (lost 1.55 billion dollars, per day, for five years....)
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivoN0-drYVyCsIE4aaQWF0uCH8C-POZT8O3NG0P09uaJymo4TsDidc_d4yC5Pk9nXh8HEdV1Xt2NV2jMcJd3sxNaStsk2-6ocKyqhMy08pZAcx9lTaitY8hDg24o162nVBuu4IJwNv6IePZHb9KI-MmzxGiN7OwUlFl2x5xUuWnNvie1NSub6VxZWCT1Q/s594/fascism%20cussing%20out%20fascism.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="592" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivoN0-drYVyCsIE4aaQWF0uCH8C-POZT8O3NG0P09uaJymo4TsDidc_d4yC5Pk9nXh8HEdV1Xt2NV2jMcJd3sxNaStsk2-6ocKyqhMy08pZAcx9lTaitY8hDg24o162nVBuu4IJwNv6IePZHb9KI-MmzxGiN7OwUlFl2x5xUuWnNvie1NSub6VxZWCT1Q/s320/fascism%20cussing%20out%20fascism.png" width="319" /></a></div>
</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Never forget that Dov Zakheim <span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><a style="animation-name: none !important; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>was also the CEO of Systems Planning Corporation in 2001 which manufactures Flight Termination Systems for commercial airliners so they can be remotely controlled by computers.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Never forget that the day after Rumsfeld mentioned missing 2.3 trillion dollars, a plane impacted the Office of Naval Intelligence at the Pentagon where the computers were kept which stored that information....over 100 budget analysts and accountants were killed and the money trail was lost.</div><p><br /></p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-68377838424334436842023-03-07T00:25:00.004-08:002023-03-07T00:25:57.673-08:00Vincent Caldwell and pure mountain gospel capella...my grt grandmother, her sister and sister in law ❤<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vincent Caldwell wrote the song and lead singer. Performed at the Greek Nat Folk Festival in Dallas Texas and Rockefeller Center NY. 1937</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">https://lomaxky.omeka.net/items/show/92?fbclid=IwAR1g4oZjPMPdFhrVczjLQnAWEqeyE1CtnA3_cxl2LGVZdQ00zeDq-5ieXE8</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aunt Alice Flatt Williams, Uncle Canas </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Williams</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;">, James, Walter Caldwell.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">https://lomaxky.omeka.net/items/show/121?fbclid=IwAR16RdTSCOdhUjQxCWE1kXEeu5GoRl-kONAU6uFcAzjAoGPz6iWvMMeDHWk</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;">old pure mountain gospel capella...my grt grandmother, her sister and sister in law </span><span class="x3nfvp2 x1j61x8r x1fcty0u xdj266r xhhsvwb xat24cr xgzva0m xxymvpz xlup9mm x1kky2od" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; display: inline-flex; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: middle; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 16px;"><img alt="❤" height="16" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tf3/1.5/16/2764.png" style="animation-name: none !important; border: 0px; transition-property: none !important;" width="16" />
</span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);"><br />
</span></p><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxFSGzUy0nk
<span style="color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
The Last Appeal · Alice Williams · Martha Williams · Elizabeth Flatt
Kentucky Mountain Music, Pt. 2
℗ 2005 Yazoo
Released on: 2005-06-20
Writer: Todd Gosset
</span></span></span></p><div><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20.625px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-2627986689021647022022-11-14T01:03:00.002-08:002022-11-14T01:03:43.381-08:00In Honor of Veterans <p> </p><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Remembering all who have served our country </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Honor of Veterans Everywhere!!</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">I am thankful for all the ones who served so well.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">So sad to hear the tale. Of greed and power, avarice untold</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">forced our men to march forlorn. the cold the wet the death the threats.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">For <span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><a style="animation-name: none !important; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>the love of power our treasure wasted.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let us war no more and never forget,</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">The lives layed down, the people wept.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">dwight<span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/dwight.collins1?__cft__[0]=AZXNB1h0C0yOXNulUsezIa6teSA6B1nOwK4nGI6QBChU6QD_oahqJlx87M5f5WsY2aeTiG5xH3srJBJVNdgLmojL7pMiv2BQyBnPXT1ED2bwr92ec1FNwf0LD6r0eNwbyl9ZjyJydOmLb7RHnLjjBjp9aD1DVwIb2VfjVt841Nx9hcnITGsCW-02OBofMVEXZ5U&__tn__=-]K-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; animation-name: none !important; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="0"><span class="xt0psk2" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"> Collins</span></a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9PHvBl9GVF_2uA9bJ_4XvtyGAMBFx6dbOzec1jQpyRg6a-HPnP-Hq9VQ0tWOIKCARNwHvLOe_8BCARjEBBIVfVhdqUv2iNPF2h0q6IujQHPe3WzvTSrnUsi6vVC9NXJn7r9GKeixM7yexDkad5n-UDu1-B1MuSHdCXIYhI3sET94cg9RyFEKG66Lz/s526/NATIVE%20HERITAGE%20MONTH%20NOV..2022%20jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="720" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4L5pe8apicpk0YP7ISJDnwZ1fOG3WMoyIVaYSmB5ABvpJ_Ep0nHW5NQugB-yTOTnj9qOy9IeANE_6CwJ0ytITGe_QQ-nxkDnN2c9-8zKkQr0ex3koy-3GbZCClQ6lHxsLEqQsIXw73nHl7PrgIHHgLJypzXcaHso3DB0Ly3Oqk7_JRaDPAwjiCVIn/s320/war%20is%20hell%20hawkeye%201.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-33671760785022908832022-08-10T22:11:00.002-07:002022-08-16T22:49:02.042-07:00The New Histories (photo edit)<p> <span style="color: #403e3c; font-family: "crimson text", serif;">Scholars pursue sweeping new interpretations of the human past.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "crimson text", serif; text-align: right;">Harvard Magazine</span></p><p class="byline" style="float: none; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 25px; margin: 7px 0px 15px;">by <a href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/profile/Jonathan-Shaw" style="color: #403e3c; text-decoration-line: none; text-transform: uppercase;">JONATHAN SHAW</a></p><p class="date" style="float: none; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-transform: uppercase;"><a href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2014/11" style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2014</a></p><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><span class="firstwords" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase;">IN MAY 1968</span>, the university’s students wanted to change the world. Left-thinking ideologies like Maoism and socialism were in their minds, and “Vietnam” was on their lips. They went on strike, skipping classes and exams. They rioted and clashed with police. One student was killed, 900 arrested.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">If this sounds like a scene from Kent State, where student demonstrators were killed two years later, that is because the May 1968 unrest at the University of Dakar in Senegal was part of the same general mood around the world that moved students to protest, says <a data-parsed="true" href="http://paris-iea.fr/en/resident/omar-gueye" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Omar Gueye, professor of history at Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar</a>. Gueye spent six months at Harvard during the 2013-14 academic year as a postdoctoral fellow at the <a data-parsed="true" href="http://wigh.wcfia.harvard.edu/" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Weatherhead Initiative on Global History</a> (WIGH), a program premised on the belief that events like these—not unlike the seemingly contagious uprisings of the Arab Spring—can be fully understood only in a global context. As elsewhere during the student protests of the late 1960s, local factors played a role in Dakar: government cuts in scholarship funding precipitated the strike. But student anger tapped a deeper sense of injustice as well: although French colonial rule had ended in 1960, the university was still French, Gueye explains, and the French military was still stationed in Dakar. “Vietnam”—another former French colony—therefore had a specific resonance among Senegalese students, who felt a sense of brotherhood with the Vietnamese.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv92wfgC5C-PruitF_gw-CVYc8eLVAsDfhYLBMPmSV0fzmNTcwjCFt1MUFRci_2nI931Gh81GA08giym0xqn6YX6-mVZDMJ98lE82hTksPYKoOJ5OI7hxcFT3uUt0Cs8BYn3KMl4_1X2K3hfXwUByRAeHJc67yxCtUzZ8AzRIq6wv-TCKfKKuzX1DE/s400/Compromise%20of%201850%20overturned%20the%20Missouri%20Compromise%20and%20left%20the%20overall%20issue%20of%20slavery%20unsettled..gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="400" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv92wfgC5C-PruitF_gw-CVYc8eLVAsDfhYLBMPmSV0fzmNTcwjCFt1MUFRci_2nI931Gh81GA08giym0xqn6YX6-mVZDMJ98lE82hTksPYKoOJ5OI7hxcFT3uUt0Cs8BYn3KMl4_1X2K3hfXwUByRAeHJc67yxCtUzZ8AzRIq6wv-TCKfKKuzX1DE/w400-h261/Compromise%20of%201850%20overturned%20the%20Missouri%20Compromise%20and%20left%20the%20overall%20issue%20of%20slavery%20unsettled..gif" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><span class="firstwords" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase;">HISTORIANS </span>increasingly recognize that trying to understand the past solely within the confines of national boundaries misses much of the story. Perhaps the integration of today’s world has fostered a renewed appreciation for global connections in the past. Historians now see that the same patterns—colonialism, or the rise of small elites controlling vast resources—emerge across cultures worldwide through time, and they are trying to explain why. “If there is one big meta-trend within history, it is this turn toward the global,” says <a data-parsed="true" href="http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/sven-beckert" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Bell professor of history Sven Beckert</a>, who co-directs WIGH. “History looks very different if you don’t take a particular nation-state as the starting point of all your investigations.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">The rise of a global perspective is one of several trends that are changing the way history is studied and understood. The increasing use of science to illuminate the past is another. <a data-parsed="true" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k40117&pageid=icb.page188170" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Goelet professor of history Michael McCormick</a> leads the University’s <a data-parsed="true" href="http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/shp/home" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Initiative for the Science of the Human Past</a>, which has engaged a range of collaborators: from geneticists and chemists elucidating patterns of migration using DNA and isotopes, to climate and computer scientists using ice cores and Christian texts to parse the rise and fall of civilizations. In the <a data-parsed="true" href="https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~histecon/" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Joint Center for History and Economics</a>, <a data-parsed="true" href="http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/emma-rothschild" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Knowles professor of history Emma Rothschild</a> has, as director, revitalized this third realm of historical research (which dates to the 1890s in the United States and Britain). Scholars there embrace new quantitative methods such as network analysis to enhance historical inquiry (see <a data-nid="46592" data-parsed="true" data-path="/2014/11/examining-economic-webs" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2014/11/examining-economic-webs" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">“Examining Economic Webs,”</a> page 56); by undertaking collaborative projects—such as studying the history of energy—they are contributing freshly relevant understanding to some of today’s most pressing problems.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">These three projects differ significantly, notes <a data-parsed="true" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Adams University Professor emeritus Bernard Bailyn</a>, “and they have very little directly to do with each other. But together, they create enough intellectual energy in the history department to light a midsized city.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"> </p><h3 style="color: #403e3c; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin: 20px 0px 0px;"><a data-parsed="true" id="Maier" name="Maier" style="color: #dc0023;"></a>Fractal History</h3><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">“<span class="firstwords" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase;">IN THIS CONTEMPORARY MOMENT</span> in which the world is becoming ever more globally interconnected,” says Beckert, “historians can’t help but observe that a global perspective might also be a useful way to understand the human past. We have spent the past hundred years looking at history within a nation-state framework, and there are limitations to that.” By looking beyond these boundaries, he points out, “an entirely new history opens up.” His WIGH co-director, <a data-parsed="true" href="http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/charles-maier" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Saltonstall professor of history Charles Maier</a>, notes that global history allows scholars to consider common challenges facing all of humanity, such as climate change or disease. “Or you can consider the impact that societies have on each other, sometimes referred to as ‘entangled history’ ”—why, for example, students around the world rose up in the 1960s in protest against social norms. A global perspective also makes possible the study of events such as migrations from one nation or region to another. Says Maier, “It opens you up to all kinds of questions.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">The Weatherhead initiative, collaborative to its core, attracts scholars from around the world. Faculty members, undergraduate and graduate students, and post-doctoral fellows meet weekly to discuss their research projects and to seek insights from their colleagues, often expert in the same fields, who work in the context of other countries. This past spring, Maier sought comment on a draft chapter of his forthcoming book on changing concepts of territoriality. He heard from scholars rooted in a variety of countries and eras, ranging from an undergraduate to a visiting postdoctoral fellow who studies Franciscan monks, members of a mendicant order of the Catholic church with an abstemious relationship to both property and territory, who established missions worldwide in the Middle Ages (see <a data-parsed="true" href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2014/11/the-new-histories?fbclid=IwAR1SA4COu72z70IDGu0Z6m3t1VAw57d-5twUoGSA9nUsDy2peIGQeV3qcgM#" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">“Alternative Histories,”</a> below).</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">The idea, says Beckert, is not just to write global history at Harvard, but to seek alternative perspectives from scholars in other parts of the world, especially voices of scholars from the global South, who often have pioneered the field without being heard in the West: “This relates to the internationalization of the University. We bring a dedication to the study of other parts of the world, but we are also very eager to start a global conversation on that global history.” To that end, WIGH both brings foreign scholars to Cambridge, and has established a network of research and teaching nuclei on four continents, with collaborations in China, India, the Netherlands, Senegal, and Brazil.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Because global history by its nature is inclusive, and actively seeks multiple points of view, says Maier, it has evolved in the spirit of the working-class histories championed by British historian E.P. Thompson in the 1960s. In that sense, “there is a moral component” to it, he feels. “It can’t be only about empires. It’s not that spatially you miss much,” he explains, “but empires are the stories of elites.” In global history, “voices cannot be hierarchized. You have to give the global South its voice,” for example. “Each history has to be written from its own perspective.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">One of the large questions that global history seeks to answer is why social structures that maintain the power of elite minorities are perpetuated. Maier notes “the fractal nature of social organization, as patterns repeat themselves at different levels of society, and across cultures. How do they carry on so strongly,” he wonders, “when they benefit such a small group of people?”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"> </p><h3 style="color: #403e3c; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin: 20px 0px 0px;">The “Great Divergence”</h3><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><span class="firstwords" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase;">BECKERT HIMSELF</span> has sought to answer this big question through a decade-long study of cotton—the commodity that started the Industrial Revolution and, he argues, shaped the present global capitalist system: glorious at its best, but at its worst, a “race to the bottom” that seeks the cheapest labor and materials. Beckert’s work has culminated in <em><a data-parsed="true" href="https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Cotton-A-Global-History/dp/0375414142" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Empire of Cotton: A Global History</a></em> (Knopf), to be published in December. As he writes in the introduction:</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Particularly vexing is the question of why, after many millennia of slow economic growth, a few strands of humanity in the late eighteenth century suddenly got much richer. Scholars now refer to these few decades as the “great divergence”—the beginning of the vast divides that still structure today’s world, the divide between those countries that industrialized and those that did not, between colonizers and colonized, between the global North and the global South.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Taking a global perspective sheds fresh light on capitalism’s reliance on transoceanic connections, such as the simultaneous rise of industrial wage labor in Europe and slave labor in America. “We have hundreds of books on the Industrial Revolution in England,” says Beckert, “and these books focus, as they should, mostly on the expansion of cotton manufacturing, because that’s the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. And then we have hundreds of books on the expansion of slave agriculture in the United States. But these stories are, as I show, very tightly linked to one another because with the growth of cotton manufacturing in Europe, huge needs for cotton emerged there. And since cotton does not grow on the continent of Europe, but it grows very well in places like…the United States, there is a huge expansion of cotton agriculture there, almost all of it based on slave labor. Slavery is <em>central</em> to industrial capitalism as it emerges in the nineteenth-century.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Beckert tells how in 1785 British customs agents in Liverpool seized bags of cotton from an American ship when it sought to deliver the cargo. They didn’t believe the cotton came from the United States because at that time the plant was grown almost exclusively in the Ottoman Empire, the West Indies, Brazil, or India. “That the United States would ever produce significant amounts of cotton…seemed preposterous,” he writes. It was, he concludes, a “spectacular misjudgment,” given the ensuing transformation of the American South from producing “tobacco, rice, indigo, and some sugar” to producing cotton. And it upends the American sense of independence and self-determination: European industrialists and financiers were key to this transformation of the American South.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Taking a global view allows Beckert to explore why, for example, beginning around 1800, more cotton wasn’t cultivated in India, where it also grows well. At issue was not just the fact that slave-labor exploitation in the American South made production there cheaper. “Even though the British wanted to get cotton from India,” he explains, “they more or less failed in that project until the later part of the nineteenth century because of the difficulty of recasting colonial India’s political, social, and economic structures.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sA0VWj7ciLExfGpPDG2OGhWca1DLs7L8BH_RYG2nhsG-I1-ZC6PdGqDFghU1X84onm6GuKS3I5uVtAr90KEo2tu8aZcGrs7HWAapOrPltJRBHWWyvsR6DidD7MtlQi5QEqzJR00BXYrqCDzNCLKhq6RPxSuTY_XPn8s4ghLrfyqTzEg6rSoDwyEQ/s504/cotton%20child%20picking%20arkansas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="504" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sA0VWj7ciLExfGpPDG2OGhWca1DLs7L8BH_RYG2nhsG-I1-ZC6PdGqDFghU1X84onm6GuKS3I5uVtAr90KEo2tu8aZcGrs7HWAapOrPltJRBHWWyvsR6DidD7MtlQi5QEqzJR00BXYrqCDzNCLKhq6RPxSuTY_XPn8s4ghLrfyqTzEg6rSoDwyEQ/w400-h285/cotton%20child%20picking%20arkansas.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">child picking cotton in Arkansas</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Then the American Civil War, and the end of slavery, triggered the world’s first raw materials crisis. “It would be as if, suddenly, no oil came from the Middle East,” Beckert says. European textile manufacturers were forced to find new sources of raw cotton. Focusing their attention on Egypt, India, and Brazil, they eventually succeeded in transforming agriculture in those parts of the world to extract more cotton.</p><div class="block-inject block-inject-1" id="block-inject-1"></div><div class="clearfix"></div><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Global history is “the kind of idea that, once you have it, is impossible to go back from,” Beckert continues. “You can’t. It’s going to be with you forever because it’s just a different way of seeing history.” While it opens new questions, it “also opens up totally new understandings of particular historical problems such as the problem of slavery. You understand, on a global scale, that the global problem, from the perspective of European colonialists and European entrepreneurs, is really how to transform the countryside. The resulting transformation takes different forms in different parts of the world, but sometimes it’s also quite similar. After the Civil War, for example, sharecropping becomes dominant in the United States, but it’s also important in Egypt, Mexico, Brazil, and other parts of the world. People in these places learn from one another. They observe one another.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Capitalism can make strange bedfellows. Beckert relates how in 1898, the German ambassador to the United States approached Booker T. Washington, asking him to send students and professors—the sons and grandsons of slaves—from Tuskegee to Germany and then on to the West African colony of Togo to transform cotton agriculture there: “an amazing story of African Americans advising deeply racist German colonialists in Togo about how to make local peasants produce cotton for world markets.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Beckert’s work played an important role in attracting graduate student Joan Chaker to Harvard from Lebanon. She’d written her master’s thesis years ago about the tobacco market in the Ottoman Empire, but quickly came to understand that she could not comprehend that history without looking beyond Turkey, to European financiers and their interests. After a stint as a banker in Amsterdam, Chaker resolved to return to academia. When she discovered Beckert’s work on cotton, it was “enlightening” she recalls, “because it explained a lot of history in the Ottoman tobacco market.” Like cotton, tobacco is a global commodity, and the American civil war allowed Turkish tobacco to acquire an important share of the global market. “I saw that I could transpose ideas from his framework to mine,” she says.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">“I think students are catching on to the excitement,” says Beckert, “and to the fact that we have this institution now where they can connect, meet each other, other faculty members, visitors, and postdoctoral fellows who have taken a great role in helping them with their research papers.” Training the rising generation of historians in this way “makes it possible for them to embark upon projects that would likely have seemed too ambitious for a student even a few years ago. And they have the opportunity to become part of a global scholarly community from their first year in graduate school.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">In a 2009 essay, Maier noted that teaching global history to undergraduates has been one of the most difficult challenges of his career “because of the sheer volume of new information students confront.” Still, he wrote, “introducing global history strikes me as the most imperative challenge for historical teaching today,” given “the readjustment of American power and wealth, the migrations of new citizens, the clamorous challenges of inequality and environmental fragility.” The challenge of ensuring that undergraduates are familiar with basic historical timelines and factual details that undergird more detailed studies will become more acute if a course in global history is developed in the College. But there is enthusiasm for attempting this, says Beckert, even among faculty members not presently involved in the initiative.<a data-parsed="true" id="alternative" name="alternative" style="color: #dc0023;"></a></p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"> </p><h3 style="color: #403e3c; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin: 20px 0px 0px;">Alternative Histories</h3><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><span class="firstwords" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase;">GLOBAL HISTORY </span>is not just <em>economic</em> history, Beckert emphasizes. <a data-parsed="true" href="https://eui.academia.edu/JuliaMcClure" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Julia McClure</a>, a WIGH postdoctoral fellow during the 2013-2014 academic year, studies a kind of global network radically different from his capitalist empire of cotton. Her ambitious goal is to understand how knowledge of the world is structured and formed. She is pursuing her subject by studying Franciscan missionaries, who traveled the globe from southern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern era, quietly establishing a network of knowledge about its farthest reaches.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Franciscans arrived in the Far East years before Marco Polo did in the thirteenth century. They traveled to Scandinavia and North Africa. They played a key role in shaping Spanish colonialism in the Americas. Everywhere a new land was brought into the European orbit, it seems, Franciscans were there first. Yet the primacy of their explorations, though recorded in detail, is virtually unknown. In McClure’s view, this underscores the ways in which “history itself has been produced and used…to further nationalistic goals.” Whether to exert power or stake colonial claims, nations want to show that they discovered certain regions first. The Franciscans, “without that power agenda, have been left out” of the history books. Although they recorded what they found, few non-Franciscans have read their records. McClure recently obtained a copy of a letter, found in a Franciscan monastery in Bavaria, that was written in 1500 from the island of Hispaniola, where colonization initiated by Christopher Columbus and his son Diego ultimately decimated the native population. The letter “reveals much about the first years of the encounter history,” she says, but it is little known because no one has looked in depth at the Franciscan chronicle of what happened there.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxBpqfkaqIIutr0v7jB1nYR21MZK7oPJEZxiOjKIAHwrvZ0stK5px_c5IhFYZ8gnI2eCY2eIjCux02MESuJWPXekvxuID9Nj0-h_rBaCegdJF3ayHe3z5XLTRG3LS39tMwGrwmpymCFqFaAmgcfCIYedy5_d4N6iwhIajJ0iMKY4fp6Lrk8UPqLie/s576/church-science.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="576" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxBpqfkaqIIutr0v7jB1nYR21MZK7oPJEZxiOjKIAHwrvZ0stK5px_c5IhFYZ8gnI2eCY2eIjCux02MESuJWPXekvxuID9Nj0-h_rBaCegdJF3ayHe3z5XLTRG3LS39tMwGrwmpymCFqFaAmgcfCIYedy5_d4N6iwhIajJ0iMKY4fp6Lrk8UPqLie/s320/church-science.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Her work “puts the Middle Ages into a global context,” McClure says. “People think global connectivity begins in the nineteenth century with telephone cables, but it exists in the Middle Ages, and one way to represent that is through the movements of the Franciscan order.” The larger importance of that revelation is that “there is an alternative account of global history.” She aspires to use the Franciscan version of global history to pioneer an approach and perspective that lets students and others see traditional, mainstream history as a narrative <em>constructed with intention</em>—whether good or bad: a narrative that might be told in other ways.<p></p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"> </p><h3 style="color: #403e3c; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin: 20px 0px 0px;"><a id="mccormick" name="mccormick" style="color: #dc0023;"></a>Reaching Beyond the Written Record</h3><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><span class="firstwords" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase;">GLOBAL HISTORY</span> might be said to embody a simultaneous expansion of perspective and geographical scope. The science of the human past adds a third dimension: <em>time</em>. “Science is dissolving the boundary between history and prehistory,” explains Michael McCormick. “Historians have been confined until now to texts. Suddenly, we can chart the movements of groups of early humans in Africa” and beyond, he marvels, “and we see the human past as a much longer and deeper story.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">“It is so exciting to be an historian today,” McCormick continues. “History is exploding and transforming as the material past becomes an integral part of the historical record. We can no longer be satisfied with texts, because we are just as likely to learn something from a pot or from the lipids preserved in the fabric of the pot that tell us whether they were cooking cabbage or chicken for dinner in the seventh century A.D. when the Anglo-Saxons were taking over England (see <a data-nid="24297" data-parsed="true" data-path="/2009/07/who-killed-the-men-england" data-webapp="false" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2009/07/who-killed-the-men-england" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">“Who Killed the Men of England,”</a> July-August 2009, page 31). Using DNA, “we can map human migrations or identify the genetic groups present, for example, in a burial ground from the Black Death [bubonic plague] in London, or from an imperial Roman estate in southern Italy,” McCormick says. “These are just the beginnings of the application of genetics and isotope studies to migration and questions of diet.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">A further implication of this approach, he points out, is that historical inquiry is “no longer limited to the most powerful people, who were usually the only people to make it into writing. We can see the history of individuals who had no surviving voice in the record coming back almost to life.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">During the 2013-14 academic year, McCormick co-taught History 1940, “The Science of the Human Past” (cross-listed as Human Evolutionary Biology 1940) with <a data-parsed="true" href="http://www.heb.fas.harvard.edu/Tuross/" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Clay professor of scientific archaeology Noreen Tuross</a>. One student in the class, Marie Keil ’14, who had originally planned to become a chemist in the materials industry, changed her mind after hearing a guest lecture by Fenella France (who has used multispectral imaging to decipher erased texts in Thomas Jefferson’s draft of the Declaration of Independence). Keil spent the ensuing summer working with France at the Library of Congress in chemical analysis of ancient inks, and is now pursuing a master’s in archaeological chemistry at Oxford. Another student, Brendan Maione-Downing ’13, worked for a year after graduating as managing editor of the Digital Atlas for Roman and Medieval Civilization, a free online atlas of the ancient world created by McCormick and his students that maps everything from Roman cities to ancient shipwrecks in the Mediterranean. Maione-Downing has gone on to a career in GIS (geographic information systems). McCormick marvels, “Brendan and Marie discovered their life’s work through one new course in the science of the human past.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">McCormick’s own life work is the fall of the Roman empire and origins of Europe. A longstanding question, now poised to be answered through techniques that Tuross has pioneered, concerns the origins and production of silk within the empire. As cotton would link the industrializing world a thousand years later, silk linked the ancient, precapitalist world. The so-called Silk Road, 4,000 miles long, consisted of a number of trade routes that connected China to the Mediterranean, and was essential to the economic development of these and intervening empires in India and Persia. “Luxury industries,” says McCormick (citing Werner Sombart, an early-twentieth-century historian of capitalism), “are the places in which capital first came together to do amazing things and multiply wealth. It was an early generator.” Because the fabric was one of the first global commodities, “volumes and volumes have been written on where a particular piece of silk comes from,” McCormick explains. “It’s really important for art history, for culture, for the economy.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Because silk is light and easily transported, it “was worth many times its weight in gold,” McCormick continues. “If you’re carrying something from China to Italy on camelback and making money on it, it’s extremely valuable.” Pliny the Elder writes about the vast sums that Rome is sending to China and India in exchange for spices and silks, “but we don’t know where the silk that is being used in the Roman empire is coming from.” Very little is known about the spread of silk-making technology in the ancient world, or the history of the trade, because the many bits of silk fabric retrieved in archaeological digs or held in museums are hard to date and localize: on a trip to the textiles section at Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts, McCormick says, the class met with curators and “looked at the weave through a microscope and talked about established methods people have used” to identify the fragments’ origins.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Silk production is especially fascinating because silkworms cannot live without human care. Released into the wild, they die. In the sixth century a.d., the emperor Justinian reportedly sent industrial spies to the “Silk Land” (according to the Greek text) in order to bring the secret of silk production back to his empire. “They hollowed out their walking sticks and filled them with silkworm eggs,” McCormick relates. “And then they started silk production inside the Roman empire—according to two detailed written records in the original Greek sources.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">But some historians claim the empire was producing silk much earlier. This important historical question will likely be settled soon because Tuross, a chemist, has developed a technique for pinpointing the origins of ancient shreds of silk fabric. She is an expert in isotope analysis. By examining physical remains, for example, she can discover what food individuals ate during their lifetimes, the places where they grew up, and whether their lives ended somewhere else. At a symposium on the science of the human past in the fall of 2013, she described how the Arctic voyages of seventeenth-century Dutch whalers become etched in isotopic signatures in their teeth. Changes in people’s diet—even in the water they drink—can reveal where they have lived or traveled. Tuross earlier used such analysis to characterize the diet of Neanderthals (see <a data-nid="24297" data-parsed="true" data-path="/2009/07/who-killed-the-men-england" data-webapp="false" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2009/07/who-killed-the-men-england" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">“Who Killed the Men of England,”</a> page 35), shattering myths about their putatively carnivorous tastes. “Now, using Noreen’s methods,” says McCormick, “we’ll be able to show whether silk was being cultivated inside the Roman empire before the sixth century. We’ll be able to see its introduction to Spain, to Sicily, to Italy, and ultimately to France. And we’ll be able to track the spread of the technology, after the Islamic conquest, throughout the Islamic world.” Scholars may find evidence of competition between China and India, or something wholly unexpected: McCormick tells how French researchers using the Louvre’s particle accelerator to analyze the origins of garnet jewelry from the Roman empire discovered interruptions in the trade of these red gemstones from India and Sri Lanka. Demand had remained high (the Romans eventually sought and found new sources of supply), raising the question, “What happened in India, Sri Lanka, or along the way that interrupted this trade?”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">The question is important because these economic exchanges, which show that even the ancient world was an interconnected place, underlie pivotal cultural exchanges: of art, design, and ideas that shaped the subsequent course of history.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"> </p><h3 style="color: #403e3c; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin: 20px 0px 0px;">The Global and the Local</h3><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><span class="firstwords" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: uppercase;">THE INITIATIVE</span> for the Science of the Human Past might be said to have launched important cultural exchanges of its own, by putting historians in contact with scientists. In 2012, McCormick and <a data-parsed="true" href="http://eps.harvard.edu/people/peter-huybers" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Peter Huybers, professor of earth and planetary sciences and of environmental science and engineering</a>, with other colleagues, published the first general survey of climate change within the Roman Empire, from 100 b.c. to a.d. 800. They showed that climate crises were closely linked to the expansion and contraction of the agriculturally dependent empire. They are now working on a broader project that combines climate proxies such as tree rings, speleothems (mineral deposits found in caves), and ice-core analyses with the written record for five major climate crises spanning the years a.d. 536 to 1741 not only for Europe, but also for China and Japan. The collaboration is mutual, because the scientists will use existing written records—what Huybers has termed “the most powerful proxy record there is: a human being who was there who will tell us what happened”—to help calibrate their scientific methods.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">The collaboration extends into computing and genetics as well. <a data-parsed="true" href="http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/shieber/" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Welch professor of computer science Stuart Shieber</a>, for example, has developed programs for analyzing texts. In one demonstration, he was able to identify in a few minutes all the biblical references in a written record—work that had taken a class of students a week to analyze. He is now working with McCormick to develop a method for dating published Latin biographies of Christian saints. “There are 14,000 of them,” explains McCormick. “Of these, 6,000 have been dated to within a period of 500 years or less. That means there are 8,000 texts that no one has even bothered to look at. If we could date just 10 percent of those, that would be 800 new texts for historians to work with”—in an area “we thought to be well-mapped.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Meanwhile, at Harvard Medical School and the Broad Institute, <a data-parsed="true" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome.html" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">professor of genetics David Reich</a> and visiting scientist and research fellow <a data-parsed="true" href="https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/nick-patterson" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Nicholas Patterson</a> use genetics to trace early human migrations and conquests. With the initiative’s first postgraduate fellow, Sriram Sankararaman, they are working to understand the genetic variations contributed to modern humans by archaic hominins such as Neanderthals and Denisovans (see <a data-nid="45287" data-parsed="true" data-path="/2014/07/human-family-reunions" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2014/07/human-family-reunions" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">“Human Family Reunions,”</a> July-August, page 7). Separately, they have explored the genetic origins of the peoples of the Indian subcontinent, showing a recent population admixture, and have elucidated the origins of Native Americans. McCormick is realistic about his own interest in whether genetics will be able to determine who, precisely, the barbarians were who sacked Rome. But in part because the genetic differences between the conquerors and the conquered may be too small to see, as he acknowledges, McCormick says Reich and Patterson are right to concentrate on the “gigantic” questions: “the out-of-Africa event, the peopling of Australasia, the origins of Indo-European languages and whether they are tied to population movements.”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">McCormick never suspected that his own sphere of interest—the Roman empire—would extend beyond its ancient boundaries. But science has been for him a path to discovering a broader perspective that links to the work of other colleagues in the history department, a turn to the global and the quantitative in the study of history. “When I started out in graduate school,” he says happily, “I had no idea that what was going on in China could be of any interest to me. Wrong again!”</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><a data-parsed="true" id="Ousmane%20Kane" name="Ousmane%20Kane" style="color: #dc0023;"></a>“Entangled history,” or the ways that societies affect each other, is one thing. Entangled <em>historians</em> are quite another. During the six months he spent on campus finishing his book on May 1968, Omar Gueye learned much from the global history program, other global-history fellows, and the books he found in Harvard’s library (“for some, I am almost sure I am the first person to see them”), as well as from other professors at the University: <a data-parsed="true" href="http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/lisa-mcgirr" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">professor of history Lisa McGirr</a>, for example, who lectures on “protest and politics” in American history, including the 1960s in the United States; and <a data-parsed="true" href="http://hds.harvard.edu/people/ousmane-oumar-kane" style="color: #dc0023; text-decoration-line: none;">Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal professor of contemporary Islamic religion and society Ousmane Oumar Kane</a>, who has studied religion among Senegalese immigrants in New York City.</p><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">These intellectual exchanges often prompt unexpected discoveries. One student from Taiwan was astonished to learn from Gueye that there were Taiwanese students studying in Dakar in 1968. And Gueye hopes there will be many more such productive exchanges to come, now that a global network of scholars has been formed. A conference on global conceptions of freedom—of particular interest to historians of slavery in Senegal and Brazil—may take place in Dakar in 2015. How did ideas of freedom emerge around the world? What do they have in common? How do they differ, and how do they inform each other? “The goal of this program is to open up dialogue and perspective,” Gueye says. In the past, “People talked about world history. But now we have a strong network of people who formally think about it together.” </p></div></div></div><div id="last"></div><div class="field-byline" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-top: 30px; padding-top: 5px;"><p style="float: none; font-family: "crimson text", serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: italic; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;">Jonathan Shaw ’89 is managing editor of this magazine.</p></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-92013741028478184862022-03-15T13:14:00.000-07:002022-03-15T13:14:02.710-07:00Black Elk's full account of the Battle at the Little Bighorn, Seven Clans Judd Brown · <p> </p><div class="qzhwtbm6 knvmm38d" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v b1v8xokw m9osqain hzawbc8m" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--secondary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; word-break: break-word;"><h4 class="gmql0nx0 l94mrbxd p1ri9a11 lzcic4wl aahdfvyu hzawbc8m" id="jsc_c_1ye" style="animation-name: none !important; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 4px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="a3bd9o3v ekzkrbhg jq4qci2q" dir="ltr" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="nc684nl6" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Many thanks to</span></div><div class="a3bd9o3v ekzkrbhg jq4qci2q" dir="ltr" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="nc684nl6" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gpro0wi8 oo9gr5id lrazzd5p" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/2368919830038423/?hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen&multi_permalinks=3048116588785407&__cft__[0]=AZVnG40uJhRqVM7z4joyE0AGT-kqiCi3bxGjc5htvI-7ykcJX-2qtpGN_DxDXN_uxia4CpNA7CnmbdVi3Ct_hiEjxry5kVDQv5o8lI-AQyit53rP5lUys9Ay06zWPTKu6BM9tRRQZMdMLQqlPEtQ2OcJaoG2bhNqjxti0IU6akC5qC2NUL5PfXRUa3CLDolhEMATC3EkM5KW-o2DB68vulwiiUYhmT6RH55bUyjQFXf_sg&__tn__=-UC%2CP-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; animation-name: none !important; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; 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animation-name: none !important; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="0"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="j1lvzwm4 stjgntxs ni8dbmo4 q9uorilb gpro0wi8" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="t5a262vz nc684nl6 ihxqhq3m l94mrbxd aenfhxwr l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: relative; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="t5a262vz aenfhxwr b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: relative; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">1</span><span class="nc684nl6 l94mrbxd l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">S</span><span class="t5a262vz aenfhxwr b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">9</span><span class="ihxqhq3m myohyog2 l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">l</span><span class="l94mrbxd aenfhxwr myohyog2 b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">5</span><span class="b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">f</span><span class="nc684nl6 l94mrbxd l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; position: relative; transition-property: none !important;">3</span><span class="t5a262vz nc684nl6 ihxqhq3m l94mrbxd aenfhxwr l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: relative; transition-property: none !important;">h</span><span class="b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">n</span><span class="myohyog2 l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">o</span><span class="t5a262vz nc684nl6 ihxqhq3m l94mrbxd aenfhxwr l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">0</span><span class="t5a262vz aenfhxwr b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">i</span><span class="t5a262vz l94mrbxd myohyog2 l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">r</span><span class="nc684nl6 l94mrbxd l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">c</span><span class="l94mrbxd aenfhxwr myohyog2 b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">5</span><span class="l94mrbxd aenfhxwr myohyog2 b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">5</span><span class="t5a262vz nc684nl6 ihxqhq3m l94mrbxd aenfhxwr l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">0</span><span class="l94mrbxd aenfhxwr myohyog2 b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">e</span><span class="t5a262vz aenfhxwr b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; cursor: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">9</span><span class="l94mrbxd aenfhxwr myohyog2 b6zbclly l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important; vertical-align: inherit;">m</span><span class="ihxqhq3m myohyog2 l9j0dhe7 sdhka5h4 drhKlDmD zdEF" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; position: absolute; text-decoration: inherit; top: 3em; transition-property: none !important;">t</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span class="jpp8pzdo" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="rfua0xdk pmk7jnqg stjgntxs ni8dbmo4 ay7djpcl q45zohi1" style="animation-name: none !important; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; transition-property: none !important; width: 1px;"> </span><span aria-hidden="true" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"> · </span></span></span><span class="g0qnabr5" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41" style="align-items: inherit; align-self: inherit; animation-name: none !important; display: inherit; flex-direction: inherit; flex: inherit; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; max-height: inherit; max-width: inherit; min-height: inherit; min-width: inherit; place-content: inherit; transition-property: none !important; width: inherit;"><span class="q9uorilb l9j0dhe7 bk00n993" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; position: relative; top: 2px; transition-property: none !important;"><svg class="a8c37x1j ms05siws hwsy1cff b7h9ocf4 py1f6qlh em6zcovv cyypbtt7 fwizqjfa" height="1em" title="Shared with Public group" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="1em"><g fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(-448 -544)"><g><path d="M109.5 408.5c0 3.23-2.04 5.983-4.903 7.036l.07-.036c1.167-1 1.814-2.967 2-3.834.214-1 .303-1.3-.5-1.96-.31-.253-.677-.196-1.04-.476-.246-.19-.356-.59-.606-.73-.594-.337-1.107.11-1.954.223a2.666 2.666 0 0 1-1.15-.123c-.007 0-.007 0-.013-.004l-.083-.03c-.164-.082-.077-.206.006-.36h-.006c.086-.17.086-.376-.05-.529-.19-.214-.54-.214-.804-.224-.106-.003-.21 0-.313.004l-.003-.004c-.04 0-.084.004-.124.004h-.037c-.323.007-.666-.034-.893-.314-.263-.353-.29-.733.097-1.09.28-.26.863-.8 1.807-.22.603.37 1.166.667 1.666.5.33-.11.48-.303.094-.87a1.128 1.128 0 0 1-.214-.73c.067-.776.687-.84 1.164-1.2.466-.356.68-.943.546-1.457-.106-.413-.51-.873-1.28-1.01a7.49 7.49 0 0 1 6.524 7.434" transform="translate(354 143.5)"></path><path d="M104.107 415.696A7.498 7.498 0 0 1 94.5 408.5a7.48 7.48 0 0 1 3.407-6.283 5.474 5.474 0 0 0-1.653 2.334c-.753 2.217-.217 4.075 2.29 4.075.833 0 1.4.561 1.333 2.375-.013.403.52 1.78 2.45 1.89.7.04 1.184 1.053 1.33 1.74.06.29.127.65.257.97a.174.174 0 0 0 .193.096" transform="translate(354 143.5)"></path><path d="M110 408.5a8 8 0 1 1-16 0 8 8 0 0 1 16 0zm-1 0a7 7 0 1 0-14 0 7 7 0 0 0 14 0z" fill-rule="nonzero" transform="translate(354 143.5)"></path></g></g></svg></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="ecm0bbzt hv4rvrfc ihqw7lf3 dati1w0a" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px 16px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="j83agx80 cbu4d94t ew0dbk1b irj2b8pg" style="animation-name: none !important; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="qzhwtbm6 knvmm38d" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v b1v8xokw oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; word-break: break-word;"><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Black Elk's full account of the Battle at the Little Bighorn, June 25-26, 1876 (long):</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Crazy Horse whipped Three Stars on the Rosebud that day, and I think he could have rubbed the soldiers out there. He could have called many more warriors from the villages and he could have rubbed the soldiers out at daybreak, for they camped there in the dark after the fight.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">He whipped the cavalry of Three Stars when they attacked his village on the Powder that cold morning in the Moon of the Snowblind [March]. Then he moved farther west to the Rosebud; and when the soldiers came to kill us there, he whipped them and made them go back. Then he moved farther west to the valley of the Greasy Grass. We were in our own country all the time and we only wanted to be let alone. The soldiers came there to kill us, and many got rubbed out. It was our country and we did not want to have trouble.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgm7LIEFnHbjI4OY6UfAncjuwc9wlRgFARae2rxxXz9E3sDpSdcJ9KWgc3iq8nc1cxmpsrWZgBlQlD8dcOL_7oAZHvgwtaCcUtPQbWex1ZOcM0cXY4dKFsVqn-GfyI9k-3S05VGcjHtWE-HGgT3XSHRns3IuX0hNpwVsdRSaJ3kVm74uUfx3oyVf30X=s960" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="581" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgm7LIEFnHbjI4OY6UfAncjuwc9wlRgFARae2rxxXz9E3sDpSdcJ9KWgc3iq8nc1cxmpsrWZgBlQlD8dcOL_7oAZHvgwtaCcUtPQbWex1ZOcM0cXY4dKFsVqn-GfyI9k-3S05VGcjHtWE-HGgT3XSHRns3IuX0hNpwVsdRSaJ3kVm74uUfx3oyVf30X=w388-h640" width="388" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><br /></div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">We camped there in the valley along the south side of the Greasy Grass before the sun was straight above; and this was, I think, two days before the battle. It was a very big village and you could hardly count the tepees. Farthest up the stream toward the south were the Hunkpapas, and the Oglalas were next. Then came the Minneconjous, the San Arcs, the Blackfeet, the Shahiyelas; and last, the farthest toward the north, were the Santees and Yanktonais. </div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Along the side towards the east was the Greasy Grass, with some timber along it, and it was running full from the melting of the snow in the Bighorn Mountains. If you stood on a hill you could see the mountains off to the south and west. On the other side of the river, there were bluffs and hills beyond. Some gullies came down through the bluffs. On the westward side of us were lower hills, and there we grazed our ponies and guarded them. There were so many they could not be counted.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">There was a man by the name of Rattling Hawk who was shot through the hip in the fight on the Rosebud, and people thought he could not get well. But there was a medicine man by the name of Hairy Chin who cured him.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">The day before the battle I had greased myself and was going to swim with some boys, when Hairy Chin called me over to Rattling Hawk's tepee, and told me he wanted me to help him. There were five other boys there, and he needed us for bears in the curing ceremony, because he had his power from a dream of the bear. He painted my body yellow, and my face too, and put a black stripe on either side of my nose from the eyes down. Then he tied my hair up to look like bear's ears, and put some eagle feathers on my head.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">While he was doing this, I thought of my vision, and suddenly I seemed to be lifted clear off the ground; and while I was that way, I knew more things than I could tell, and I felt sure something terrible was going to happen in a short time. I was frightened.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">The other boys were painted all red and had real bear's ears on their heads.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Hairy Chin, who wore a real bear skin with the head on it, began to sing a song that went like this: "At the doorway the sacred herbs are rejoicing."</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">And while he sang, two girls came in and stood one on either side of the wounded man; one had a cup of water and one some kind of a herb. I tried to see if the cup had all the sky in it, as it was in my vision, but I could not see it. They gave the cup and the herb to Rattling Hawk while Hairy Chin was singing. Then they gave him a red cane, and right away he stood up with it. The girls then started out of the tepee, and the wounded man followed, learning on the sacred red stick; and we boys, who were the little bears, had to jump around him and make growling noises toward the man. And when we did this, you could see something like feathers of all colors coming out of our mouths. Then Hairy Chin came out on all fours, and he looked just like a bear to me. Then Rattling Hawk began to walk better. He was not able to fight next day, but he got well in a little while.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">After the ceremony, we boys went swimming to wash the paint off, and when we got back the people were dancing and having kill talks all over the village, remembering brave deeds done in the fight with Three Stars on the Rosebud.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">When it was about sundown we boys had to bring the ponies in close, and when this was done it was dark and the people were still dancing around fires all over the village. We boys went around from one dance to another, until we got too sleepy to stay up any more.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">My father 'woke me at daybreak and told me to go with him to take our horses out to graze, and when we were out there he said: "We must have a long rope on one of them, so that it will be easy to catch; then we can get the others. If anything happens, you must bring the horses back as fast as you can, and keep your eyes on the camp."</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Several of us boys watched our horses together until the sun was straight above and it was getting very hot. Then we thought we would go swimming, and my cousin said he would stay with our horses till we got back. When I was greasing myself, I did not feel well; I felt queer. It seemed that something terrible was going to happen. But I went with the boys anyway. Many people were in the water now and many of the women were out west of the village digging turnips. We had been in the water quite a while when my cousin came down there with the horses to give them a drink, for it was very hot now.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Just then we heard the crier shouting in the Hunkpapa camp, which was not very far from us "The chargers are coming! They are charging! The chargers are coming!" Then the crier of the Oglalas shouted the same words; and we could hear the cry going from camp to camp northward clear to the Santees and Yanktonais.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Everybody was running now to catch the horses. We were lucky to have ours right there just at that time. My older brother had a sorrel, and he rode away fast toward the Hunkpapas. I had a buckskin. My father came running and said: Your brother has gone to the Hunkpapas without his gun. Catch him and give it to him. Then come right back to me." He had my six-shooter too--the one my aunt gave me.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">I took the guns, jumped on my pony and caught my brother. I could see a big dust rising just beyond the Hunkpapa camp and all the Hunkpapas were running around and yelling, and many were running wet from the river. Then out of the dust came the soldiers on their big horses. They looked big and strong and tall and they were all shooting. My brother took his gun and yelled for me to go back. There was brushy timber just on the other side of the Hunkpapas, and some warriors were gathering there. He made for that place, and I followed him. By now women and children were running in a crowd downstream. I looked back and saw them all running and scattering up a hillside down yonder.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">When we got into the timber, a good many Hunkpapas were there already and the soldiers were shooting above us so that leaves were falling from the trees where the bullets struck. By now I could not see what was happening in the village below. It was all dust and cries and thunder; for the women and children were running there, and the warriors were coming on their ponies.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Among us there in the brush and out in the Hunkpapa camp a cry went up: "Take courage! Don't be a woman! The helpless are out of breath!" I think this was when Gall stopped the Hunkpapas, who had been running away, and turned them back.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">I stayed there in the woods a little while and thought of my vision. It made me feel stronger, and it seemed that my people were all thunder-beings and that the soldiers would be rubbed out.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Then another great cry went up out in the dust: "Crazy Horse is coming! Crazy Horse is coming!" Off toward the west and north they were yelling "Hokahey!" like a big wind roaring, and making the tremolo; and you could hear eagle bone whistles screaming.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">The valley went darker with dust and smoke, and there were only shadows and a big noise of many cries and hoofs and guns. On the left of where I was I could hear the shod hoofs of the soldiers' horses going back into the brush and there was shooting everywhere. Then the hoofs came out of the brush, and I came out and was in among men and horses weaving in and out and going up-stream, and everybody was yelling, "Hurry! Hurry!" The soldiers were running upstream and we were all mixed there in the twilight and the great noise.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">I did not see much; but once I saw a Lakota charge at a soldier who stayed behind and fought and was a very brave man. The Lakota took the soldier's horse by the bridle, but the soldier killed him with a six-shooter. I was small and could not crowd in to where the soldiers were, so I did not kill anybody. There were so many ahead of me, and it was all dark and mixed up.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Soon the soldiers were all crowded into the river, and many Lakotas too; and I was in the water awhile. Men and horses were all mixed up and fighting in the water, and it was like hail falling in the river. Then we were out of the river, and people were stripping dead soldiers and putting the clothes on themselves. There was a soldier on the ground and he was still kicking. A Lakota rode up and said to me: "Boy, get off and scalp him." I got off and started to do it. He had short hair and my knife was not very sharp. He ground his teeth. Then I shot him in the forehead and got his scalp.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Many of our warriors were following the soldiers up a hill on the other side of the river. Everybody else was turning back down stream, and on a hill away down yonder above the Santee camp there was a big dust, and our warriors whirling around in and out of it just like swallows, and many guns were going off.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">I thought I would show my mother my scalp, so I rode over toward the hill where there was a crowd of women and children. On the way down there I saw a very pretty young woman among a band of warriors about to go up to the battle on the hill, and she was singing like this:</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">"Brothers, now your friends have come!</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Be brave! Be brave!</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Would you see me taken captive?"</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">When I rode through the Oglala camp I saw Rattling Hawk sitting up in his tepee with a gun in his hands, and he was all alone there singing a song of regret that went like this:</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">"Brothers, what are you doing that I can not do?"</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">When I got to the women on the hill they were all singing and making the tremolo to cheer the men fighting across the river in the dust on the hill. My mother gave a big tremolo just for me when she saw my first scalp.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">I stayed there awhile with my mother and watched the big dust whirling on the hill across the river, and horses were coming out of it with empty saddles.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">After I showed my mother my first scalp, I stayed with the women awhile and they were all singing and making the tremolo. We could not see much of the battle for the big dust, but we knew there would be no soldiers left. There were many other boys about my age and younger up there with their mothers and sisters, and they asked me to go over to the battle with them. So we got on our ponies and started. While we were riding down hill toward the river we saw gray horses with empty saddles stampeding toward the water. We rode over across the Greasy Grass to the mouth of a gulch that led up through the buff to where the fighting was.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Before we got there, the wasicus were all down, and most of them were dead, but some of them were still alive and kicking. Many other little boys had come up by this time, and we rode around shooting arrows into the wasicus. There was one who was squirming around with arrows sticking in him, and I started to take his coat, but a man pushed me away and took the coat for himself. Then I saw something bright hanging on this soldier's belt, and I pulled it out. It was round and bright and yellow and very beautiful and I put it on me for a necklace. At first it ticked inside, and then it did not any more. I wore it around my neck for a long time before I found out what it was and how to make it tick again.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Then the women all came over and we went to the top of the hill. Gray horses were lying dead there, and some of them were on top of dead wasicus and dead wasicus were on top of them. There were not many of our own dead there, because they had been picked up already; but many of our men were killed and wounded. They shot each other in the dust. I did not see Pehin Hanska, and I think nobody knew which one he was. There was a soldier who was raising his arms and groaning. I shot an arrow into his forehead, and his arms and legs quivered.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">I saw some Lakotas holding another Lakota up. I went over there, and it was Chase-in-the-Morning's brother, who was called Black Wasicu. He had been shot through the right shoulder downward, and the bullet stopped in his left hip, because he was hanging on the side of his horse when he was hit. They were trying to give him some medicine. He was my cousin, and his father and my father were so angry over this, that they went and butchered a wasicu and cut him open. The wasicu was fat, and his meat looked good to eat, but we did not eat any.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">There was a little boy, younger than I was, who asked me to scalp a soldier for him. I did, and he ran to show the scalp to his mother. While we were there, most of the warriors chased the other soldiers back to the hill where they had their pack mules. After awhile I got tired looking around. I could smell nothing but blood, and I got sick of it. So I went back home with some others. I was not sorry at all. I was a happy boy. Those wasicus had come to kill our mothers and fathers and us, and it was our country. When I was in the brush up there by the Hunkpapas, and the first soldiers were shooting, I knew this would happen. I thought that my people were relatives to the thunder beings of my vision, and that the soldiers were very foolish to do this.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Everybody was up all night in the village. Next morning another war party went up to the hill where the other soldiers were, and the men who had been watching there all night came home. My mother and I went along. She rode a mare with a little colt tied beside her and it trotted along with its mother.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">We could see the horses and pack mules up there, but the soldiers were dug in. Beneath the hill, right on the west side of the Greasy Grass, were some bullberry bushes, and there was a big boy by the name of Round Fool who was running around the bushes. We boys asked him what he was doing that for, and he said: "There is a wasicu in that bush." And there was. He had hidden there when the other soldiers ran to the hilltop and he had been there all night. We boys began shooting at him with arrows, and it was like chasing a rabbit. He would crawl from one side to the other while we were running around the bush shooting at him with our bows. Once he yelled "Ow." After awhile we set fire to the grass around the bushes, and he came out running. Some of our warriors killed him.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Once we went up the back of the hill, where some of our men were, and looked over. We could not see the wasicus, who were lying in their dug-ins, but we saw the horses and pack mules, and many of them were dead. When we came down and crossed the river again, some soldiers shot at us and hit the water. Mother and I galloped back to the camp, and it was about sundown. By then our scouts had reported that more soldiers were coming up stream; so we all broke camp. Before dark we were ready and we started up the Greasy Grass, heading for Wood Louse Creek in the Bighorn Mountains. We fled all night, following the Greasy Grass. My two younger brothers and I rode in a pony-drag, and my mother put some young pups in with us. They were always trying to crawl out and I was always putting them back in, so I didn't sleep much.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">By morning we reached a little dry creek and made camp and had a big feast. The meat had spots of fat in it, and I wish I had some of it right now.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">When it was full day, we started again and came to Wood Louse Creek at the foot of the mountains, and camped there. A badly wounded man by the name of Three Bears had fits there, and he would keep saying: "Jeneny, jeneny." I do not know what he meant. He died, and we used to call that place the camp where Jeneny died.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">That evening everybody got excited and began shouting: "The soldiers are coming!" I looked, and there they were, riding abreast right toward us. But it was some of our own men dressed in the soldiers' clothes. They were doing this for fun.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">The scouts reported that the soldiers had not followed us and that everything was safe now. All over the camp there were big fires and kill dances all night long.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">I will sing you some of the kill-songs that our people made up and sang that night. Some of them went like this:</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">"Long Hair has never returned,</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">So his woman is crying, crying.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Looking over here, she cries."</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">"Long Hair, guns I had none.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">You brought me many. I thank you!</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">You make me laugh!"</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">"Long Hair, horses I had none.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">You brought me many. I thank you!</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">You make me laugh!"</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">"Long Hair, where he lies nobody knows.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Crying, they seek him.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">He lies over here."</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">"Let go your holy irons [guns].</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">You are not men enough to do any harm.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Let go your holy irons!"</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">After awhile I got so tired dancing that I went to sleep on the ground right where I was.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">My cousin, Black Wasicu, died that night.</div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-83216156449994363332022-03-10T14:24:00.001-08:002022-03-10T14:24:44.584-08:00Wounded Knee Massacre by Alice Ghost Horse/ War Bonnett 1939<p> <a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gpro0wi8 oo9gr5id lrazzd5p" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/635637344371838/?hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen&multi_permalinks=671737127428526&__cft__[0]=AZVKfYhAASsDtpXMQJ5dlqwitaKjDAdR4eij25BtJ4fmAS7cl-pCo2cR9BZiB-VSOLM9UrgjenHKU6PEv_LL79GANmT_ScmqSAimCofdycOMOPD_Tneh1Cv67zhfvkalm7mkHpMZRXmjNeQpoGLJuVgQmyCZkBdKOf-mBHsk_rz1-DupCoshtj---3FzKWH90Do36Owr_HgUVy3nveUxXlWy&__tn__=-UC%2CP-y-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; animation-name: none !important; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-weight: 600; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="0"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Lakota Empowerment Club</span></a></p><div class="dati1w0a hv4rvrfc osnr6wyh" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="btwxx1t3 j83agx80 cwj9ozl2" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: var(--card-background); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="j83agx80 cbu4d94t ew0dbk1b irj2b8pg" style="animation-name: none !important; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="qzhwtbm6 knvmm38d" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v b1v8xokw oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; word-break: break-word;"><h5 class="gmql0nx0 l94mrbxd p1ri9a11 lzcic4wl aahdfvyu hzawbc8m" style="animation-name: none !important; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 4px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="a3bd9o3v ekzkrbhg jq4qci2q" dir="ltr" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; transition-property: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="rfua0xdk pmk7jnqg stjgntxs ni8dbmo4 ay7djpcl q45zohi1" style="animation-name: none !important; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; transition-property: none !important; width: 1px;"> </span><span aria-hidden="true" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"> · </span></span></span><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gmql0nx0 gpro0wi8 b1v8xokw" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/635637344371838/user/100000176621700/?__cft__[0]=AZVKfYhAASsDtpXMQJ5dlqwitaKjDAdR4eij25BtJ4fmAS7cl-pCo2cR9BZiB-VSOLM9UrgjenHKU6PEv_LL79GANmT_ScmqSAimCofdycOMOPD_Tneh1Cv67zhfvkalm7mkHpMZRXmjNeQpoGLJuVgQmyCZkBdKOf-mBHsk_rz1-DupCoshtj---3FzKWH90Do36Owr_HgUVy3nveUxXlWy&__tn__=%2CP-y-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; animation-name: none !important; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="0"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-weight: 600; transition-property: none !important;">Oyate Yuha</span></a></div></h5></span></div><div class="qzhwtbm6 knvmm38d" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d9wwppkn mdeji52x e9vueds3 j5wam9gi b1v8xokw m9osqain hzawbc8m" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--secondary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; line-height: 1.2308; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; word-break: break-word;"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="jpp8pzdo" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="rfua0xdk pmk7jnqg stjgntxs ni8dbmo4 ay7djpcl q45zohi1" style="animation-name: none !important; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; transition-property: none !important; width: 1px;"> </span><span aria-hidden="true" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"> · </span></span></span><span class="g0qnabr5" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41" style="align-items: inherit; align-self: inherit; animation-name: none !important; display: inherit; flex-direction: inherit; flex: inherit; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; max-height: inherit; max-width: inherit; min-height: inherit; min-width: inherit; place-content: inherit; transition-property: none !important; width: inherit;"><span class="q9uorilb l9j0dhe7 bk00n993" style="animation-name: none !important; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; position: relative; top: 2px; transition-property: none !important;"><svg class="a8c37x1j ms05siws hwsy1cff b7h9ocf4 py1f6qlh em6zcovv cyypbtt7 fwizqjfa" height="1em" title="Shared with Public group" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="1em"><g fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(-448 -544)"><g><path d="M109.5 408.5c0 3.23-2.04 5.983-4.903 7.036l.07-.036c1.167-1 1.814-2.967 2-3.834.214-1 .303-1.3-.5-1.96-.31-.253-.677-.196-1.04-.476-.246-.19-.356-.59-.606-.73-.594-.337-1.107.11-1.954.223a2.666 2.666 0 0 1-1.15-.123c-.007 0-.007 0-.013-.004l-.083-.03c-.164-.082-.077-.206.006-.36h-.006c.086-.17.086-.376-.05-.529-.19-.214-.54-.214-.804-.224-.106-.003-.21 0-.313.004l-.003-.004c-.04 0-.084.004-.124.004h-.037c-.323.007-.666-.034-.893-.314-.263-.353-.29-.733.097-1.09.28-.26.863-.8 1.807-.22.603.37 1.166.667 1.666.5.33-.11.48-.303.094-.87a1.128 1.128 0 0 1-.214-.73c.067-.776.687-.84 1.164-1.2.466-.356.68-.943.546-1.457-.106-.413-.51-.873-1.28-1.01a7.49 7.49 0 0 1 6.524 7.434" transform="translate(354 143.5)"></path><path d="M104.107 415.696A7.498 7.498 0 0 1 94.5 408.5a7.48 7.48 0 0 1 3.407-6.283 5.474 5.474 0 0 0-1.653 2.334c-.753 2.217-.217 4.075 2.29 4.075.833 0 1.4.561 1.333 2.375-.013.403.52 1.78 2.45 1.89.7.04 1.184 1.053 1.33 1.74.06.29.127.65.257.97a.174.174 0 0 0 .193.096" transform="translate(354 143.5)"></path><path d="M110 408.5a8 8 0 1 1-16 0 8 8 0 0 1 16 0zm-1 0a7 7 0 1 0-14 0 7 7 0 0 0 14 0z" fill-rule="nonzero" transform="translate(354 143.5)"></path></g></g></svg></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; background-color: white; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="ecm0bbzt hv4rvrfc ihqw7lf3 dati1w0a" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" style="animation-name: none !important; padding: 4px 16px 16px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="j83agx80 cbu4d94t ew0dbk1b irj2b8pg" style="animation-name: none !important; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px; transition-property: none !important;"><div class="qzhwtbm6 knvmm38d" style="animation-name: none !important; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px; transition-property: none !important;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v b1v8xokw oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; display: block; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; word-break: break-word;"><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alice Ghost Horse/ War Bonnett </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">1939</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">“We were camped at the mouth of Cherry Creek last part of December 1890. I was 13 years old at the time. There was my father (Ghost Horse) and my mother Alice Her Shawl and two younger brothers. The wicasa itacan (male leader) was Spotted Elk (Big Foot).Up the creek was Hump and his followers. Our people were scattered all up and down the creek toward Bridger, South Dakota, a place called now takini (barely surviving). They all lived the farthest away but they were all hohwoju’s just as we were all minneco[n]ju. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rest of the Lakotas were already assimilated with the whites east end and were already under military rule. They were being trained to be farmers and were given land to plant things. At this time my people were ghost dancing above Plum Creek, straight east of Cherry Creek across the river. We went up there when they have the dances, but children were not allowed in so my brothers and I play near the wagons. The dances usually last four days and quite a few camp up there during that time, we usually go back to Cherry Creek when they get through.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">The agent at Fort Bennet (Cheyenne Agency) was a military officer and he would send Lakota scouts to the camp to ask questions about the ghost dance. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">The ghost dance was like a sun dance which was held once a year about August. In the ghost dance they form a circle holding hands and they dance stationary not like the sun dance. But they sing and dance. Usually starts at almost sundown and lasts for couple hours. They do this till someone falls or several fall. They wait till they tell what they saw or hear during their trance, the purpose of the dance was to see their dead relatives and converse with them and they continue. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhl-mNT0Oq8dekUBl8J0CLR8PEK8eDIu2SW-3Qmm4-Z0KqYwkoLE9vg5BORDiOWx7rClyF8LdwthdbUhZff6_esx--hUE1xxuegB-scdaOaQnoCINu_HQZMi2pLpKMekFk3VHYIkVsdlz8qYiW6CZX8qVoF5THmM9-kYMvTqqvMA3r6RCo3exGJuOLq=s960" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="960" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhl-mNT0Oq8dekUBl8J0CLR8PEK8eDIu2SW-3Qmm4-Z0KqYwkoLE9vg5BORDiOWx7rClyF8LdwthdbUhZff6_esx--hUE1xxuegB-scdaOaQnoCINu_HQZMi2pLpKMekFk3VHYIkVsdlz8qYiW6CZX8qVoF5THmM9-kYMvTqqvMA3r6RCo3exGJuOLq=w377-h324" width="377" /></a></div><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-family: Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.75px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Alice Ghost Horse</span></span><span style="color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; white-space: pre-wrap;">/ War Bonnett </span><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-family: Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.75px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1939</span></div><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">One day some people came from Standing Rock and told Big Foot that Sitting Bull was shot and killed by Indian police, provoked by agent. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Big Foot decided they should flee to Pine Ridge. They thought that Sitting Bull was killed because of the Ghost dance. On short notice it was decided to move out the very next day so they all staked out their horses close by and they all went to bed. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next day, we packed up in a hurry that morning and we were ready to move out. I was on my horse and my two brothers rode in the wagon. My mother rode in the back with my youngest brother and the other one rode up front with my father. We had an extra horse tied to the team, this one can be rode or used as one of the team. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">We crossed Cherry Creek at the mouth where it empties into the river we were to follow the wagon trails that went west all along the river, on the north side. The old wagon trails lead to takini. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">We ran all the way, we stopped halfway to water the horses and cook something to eat. My mother had some pemmican which we all shared before we continue on towards takini. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Late afternoon we pulled into takini amid clusters of lean-tos and tents. Most of the people were getting ready for winter by looking at the wood piles. Some had stocks of wood piled high. After we put up our tents my mother started her cooking. She had good soup and kabubu bread and hot government coffee. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">After a hearty meal my mother and father went to a meeting at Big Foot’s tent so my brothers and I went down to the river and played for awhile and then came down and then came to bed. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Early next morning I heard my father hitching up the horses so I got up and saddled up my own horse and was ready to go. I planned to ride all the way to Pine Ridge. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">First wagon to leave was Big Foot’s wagon, followed by all his relatives. All the horsebacks and some were walking for a time up the hill. We fell in, about the middle of the wagon train and were headed up a long hill east side of the river. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">I looked back and could see more wagons joining in and coming and many children were on horseback, too. It was a sight to see. It was also exciting because we were running from the military. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">We ran like this all morning without stopping, sometimes some riders would come back to check on us at the request of Big Foot. By noon, we stopped to rest but we were not allowed to start a fire so we ate what little mother had for us. In a short while we were on our way with Big Foot and his wagon still leading the way. We were trotting all the way, southerly direction, keeping to the low areas, valleys and creek beds. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">My younger brother sat in the back with my mother who kept an eye on me. The other brother rode up front as before, the extra horse still tied to the side of the team. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">By mid-afternoon the going was tough but we went below Porcupine Butte still keeping in the draws and gullies, sometimes there was no trail so the going was really rough in the wagons. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sometimes later the head wagons stopped on top of a hill and they were all looking down at something, my father went to see and my mother came over and started to tighten my cinch and said, there were some cavalry camped below on Wounded Knee creek. She told me we might have to make a run for it and she asked me to stay close to the wagon. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">My father returned and said Big Foot was very sick and lying in back of the buggy all bundled up. My father said they picked some men to go down and talk to the officers. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">I saw four riders riding down towards the center of the camp where they have big guns on wheels. One of the riders had a white flag, a white material tied to a stick riding in front of the other three riders. Soon as they crossed the creek all the soldiers laid down and aim their rifles at them but they kept on going and arrived at the big gun on wheels where there was soldiers and officers standing. They dismounted and had a short talk. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">A lone rider galloped up the hill to Big Foots wagon and the officers told them that they wanted to talk to him but his relatives said no that he was very sick and the riders went back to tell them. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sometime later, a buggy was sent up with a doctor to examine the old man the doctor said he had pneumonia. He gave him some medicine and they loaded him in the special wagon and they took him down. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">They talked a long time and finally a lone rider came back and told them to camp along the creek on the west side of the creek. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Everyone pitched their tents as ordered and pretty soon an army wagon was coming along the camp and issued bacon, flour, coffee beans, army beans and hard tack. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">By sundown we were completely surrounded by foot soldiers, all with rifles. My mother and I went down to the creek to pick up some wood and go to the bathroom but two soldiers followed us so we hurried back with some sticks. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Everyone went to bed as they were all tired from the hectic trip. Some of the young men stayed up all night to watch the soldiers. Some of the soldiers were drunk saying bad things about the Lakota women. Early next morning, a bugle woke us up. I went outside and noticed all the soldiers were gone but there was a lot of activity at the military camp. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">We ate in a hurry because most of the Lakota’s were loading their wagons and my father had the horses and he was saddling up my horse. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">At this time a crier was making his way around the Lakota camp telling the men folks to go to the center for more talks so they dropped everything and left but the women continued to pack their belongings in the wagon. I was on my horse just standing there and in a little while there seemed to be an argument at the confrontation which developed into a shouting match. Pretty soon some cavalry men rode in from the center at a fast gallop and they started to search the wagons for axes, knife, guns, bow and arrows and awls. They were really rude about it. They scattered the belongings all over the ground. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">The soldiers picked up everything they could find and tied them up in a blanket and took them. They also searched the Lakotas in the center. They emptied the contents on ground in the center in front of the officers and continued to argue with the Lakotas but the Lakotas did not give in. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the heated discussion a medicine man by the name of Yellow Bird appeared from nowhere and stood facing the east by the fire pit which was now covered up with fresh dirt. He was praying and crying. He was saying to the eagles that he wanted to die instead of his people. He must sense that something was going to happen. He picked up some dirt from the fireplace and threw it in the air and said this is the way he wanted to go back…to dust. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">At this time there were cavalry men all on bay horses all lined up on top of the hill on the north side. One officer rode down toward the center at a full gallop. He made a fast halt and shouted something to his commanding officers and retreated back up the hill and they drew their rifles and long knife (swords) and you could hear them load it with bullets. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the meantime some more cavalry men lined up on the south side. A big gun was also aimed down towards the center where we were… I heard the first shot coming from the center followed by rifles going off all over, occasionally a big boom came from the big guns on wheels. The Lakotas were all disarmed so all they could do was scatter in all directions. The two cavalry groups came charging down, shooting at everyone that was running and is a Lakota. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">My father made it back to our wagon and my horse was trying to bolt so he told me to jump so I got off and the horse ran toward the creek for all its worth. We fled to the ravine, where there was lots of plum bushes and dove into the thicket. The gunfire was pretty heavy and people were hollering for their children. With children crying everywhere, my dad said he was going to go out and help the others. My mother objected but he left anyway. Pretty soon, my father came crawling back in and he was wounded below his left knee and he was bleeding. He took my youngest brother who was 6 years old and he said he was taking him further down the river. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Soon he came crawling back in and said, “Hunhun he, micinsi kte pelo.” He had tears in his eyes so we cried a little bit because there was no time think, my father said we should crawl further down but my mother said it is better we die here together and she told me to stand up so I did but my father pulled me down. With a little effort we were able to crawl to a bigger hiding place bullets were whistling all around us but my father went out again to help and he never came back for a long time. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some people crawled in. They were all wounded. I recognized Phillip Black Moon and his mother. They were okay. More women and children came crawling in. The young ones were whimpering. Groups at intervals came in. Four of the wounded died right there but there was nothing anybody can do. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">A man named Breast Plate (Wawoslal Wanapin) came in and told us that my father was killed instantly. We all cried but for a short while lest we would be heard.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Charge in Kill and Nistuste (Back Hips) came in later but they left again. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">They were brave it seemed like an eternity but actually it didn’t last that long. It was getting late, towards sundown more people straggled in. It got dark, and the shooting stopped all of a sudden and we heard a wagon moving around, probably to pick up the dead, killed in the crossfire. None of the Lakotas had guns so they had been engaged in hand to hand combat. At a given signal we all got up, those who could, and walked or limped to the north, tiptoeing our way back through creek beds and ravines. Occasionally, we stumbled over dark objects, which turned out to be dead animals or sometimes dead Lakotas. We heard a child crying for water someplace in the dark, cold night. Many more wounded were crying for help. </div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">We walked in the creek beds a ways north. It must have been Wounded Knee Creek, where we separated into four groups, each to take different routes, to better chance of escaping. By morning our group reached a hill, from there we could see long ways. We stopped there, being careful to find whatever cover there was, by trees. We had traveled mostly a northwesterly direction all night, for the sun-up showed the plains and more level landscapes to the east, the higher buttes and pine covered hills to the west. The sky showed polka dotted white puffs with blue background, changing patterns by the wind strong enough to make eyes water. We had two boys to go stay up on the hill to watch for soldiers in all directions. A rider is following our tracks (the boys hollered down), and like cottontails we dove deeper into the ravine among the brushes and trees. But it turned out some moments later that it was a Lakota wearing a woman’s scarf. It was Nistuste (Back Hips) whom we met earlier. After we shook hands with him we all cried. He told us that after the shooting he escaped to Pine Ridge found all the Oglalas had run away toward the hills. He had stayed up on the hills while scouting the Pine Ridge encampment. He then walked back to Wounded Knee where he found his horse, luckily catching it. He then started tracking our trails northward hoping to meet up with somebody. He insisted that our group go with him back toward Pine Ridge.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Before our group could decide which way to go, some more riders appeared. So [we] took off to the creek to hide. But this one man stayed behind and they rode in yelling, “We are Lakotas. Do not run.” They dismounted at the sight of the four Lakota people, we all got up there and shook hands with them, one woman and three men, we all cried. We hadn't eaten anything since we left Wounded Knee a day and a half earlier, they had some pemmican which they shared with us. One of the men said there were cattle foraging over the hill that he was going after one. The other two men who had rode in with him went with him. Soon they brought in a quarter of beef, one lady did the cooking from a pail and dishes she had gotten from a deserted log house not far from there. We really ate for once, thanks to the men and nice lady. Nistute (Back Hips). Then the three men rode back towards Wounded Knee but the women stayed with us. That left us with thirteen people, mostly women and children. I was with my mother and brother, a lady who had her braids cut off she was slightly wounded, a lady that always carried a little one on her back; and there was Alex High Hawk, Blue Hair, and five members of the Many Arrows family. We were all there that night.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next morning we got ready to leave and found Dog Chasing with two women had come in sometime during the night. The men who rode out must have sent them in, with them upping our numbers to 16. We left bright and early, the men walking ahead a little ways. Very good fortune it was, for I was again riding a horse with my little brother and my mother on foot was leading the horse.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Along the way I must have dozed off and on half asleep and half awake. I didn't know anything for a while. When I became clear headed again, we were heading down a hill. Down at the bottom of the valley stood a long house and even a wooden floor and a fireplace which they fired up and we rested and got warmed up. Some daylight left, we started off again covering some miles before dark. It started to cloud up, clouds rolling in from the west and the north, cloud waves seeming to roll over the hills and valleys like water, from misty fine drops somewhere closer to a drizzle.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">It started then, the wind came. Some minutes later it turned into a blizzard but one of the men had steered us toward a cabin which he had spotted from a butte some miles back. This blessed haven we reached along a creek, so we stayed warm sitting out the storm. We had plenty of meat from the last butchering to keep us fed. Later in the night their voices woke me up, loud voices, high pitched women arguments to scatter or stay together, the calmer voices of the male sometime whispering as we listened. I sat up in a hurry when a new meaning came to my senses. I got scared for the first time. My heart was beating faster, my breathing became harder and shorter. Quickly moving closer to my mother and squirming closer to my mothers body was to me natural as a cottontail jumping from danger into its lair. The noise the women thought they heard was maybe a rumbling of horse running or of buffalo stampeding or maybe even of cavalry men.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">But it turned out that they may have heard something then imagined their fears into loud noises. For sometimes we just sat there staring at the darkness only the occasional, flickering fire light and dying embers to see by. During the night riders went some place and came back and they said in a low voice, “It is time to go.” No one complained, all acted on instinct to survive. It was still cloudy and dark when we left the cabin. The men loaned us their horses so some of us rode double, sometimes the snow would blow but we kept on moving into a deep draw, where the wind wasn't blowing so much, so we kept to the lowlands.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally, we stumbled into a camp of Oglala who ran away from Pine Ridge during the shooting. They were camped in a nice place among the pine trees. At the end of the camp we came across Short Bull's tent. All of the people came to welcome us and the rest of group were all taken into different tents and were all fed good. We stayed at this camp for three months and the sun kept coming out higher and higher. Soon the snow was melting and all knew that it was spring.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">One day a rider came into the camp and said there was going to be a meeting [treaty] at Pine Ridge. Next day, early as usual, we headed for Pine Ridge again. It must be quite a ways because we camped in a deep gully. When we started out again the next day, it was a long caravan of bugg[ie]s, travois, horseback and on foot. The chiefs were walking in front, followed by the young warriors on horseback.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over the last hill we could see many tents and cavalry all over the place, dust was flying, horses were tied to hitching posts face to face.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">We made camp near the posts. Can Hahaka (Plenty Limbs) and Iron Thunder came to the camp and said they came after all the hohwojus, Cheyenne River people who were wounded or deceased, that they belonged to our band.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Pine Ridge my mother reluctantly signed our names as survivors, along with the rest of the family.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">They pitched up 3 big tipis in the center where they told us to go. I remember there was Black Moon and his mother and brothers, Iron Horn and Wood Pile was there. There were many hohwojus that showed up at the tipi. Even some we thought had been killed. Ashes was a young girl then and she was there too. I noticed other people were Blue Hair, Ax, Brown Eagle, and Can Hahaka (Plenty Limbs).</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">We left for hohwoju country Cherry Creek. We were traveling in five wagons, one wagon was loaded with oats and hay, another one of rations, one wagon full of soldiers was leading the way as escorts, out of Pine Ridge in a different direction so we won't have to go through Wounded Knee.</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite all these nice things being done for us, I can't forget what happened at Wounded Knee. Some nights I cry thinking about it. Many months afterwards. I have never touched a white man during my lifetime. I just can't trust any white man and never will because they killed my father and brother for no reason at all.”</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;">Ghost Horse, born in 1878 and died in 1950, lived out her life after the Wounded Knee Massacre in the community of Cherry Creek on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation.</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q" style="animation-name: none !important; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><span style="animation-name: none !important; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none !important;"><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl gpro0wi8 py34i1dx" href="https://sddigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/manuscript/id/5036/rec/14?fbclid=IwAR0V1f92TA8dPg13s-SMRaRMU_LwAo7x6uDTP10kFsrpklyRnZ0Yz6iN1i8" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; animation-name: none !important; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; transition-property: none !important;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://sddigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/.../5036/rec/14</a></span></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-58874861742406689362021-12-07T01:04:00.000-08:002021-12-07T01:04:16.708-08:00behavior geneticist Kathryn Paige Harden ~~ The New Yorker ~ September 13, 2021 <p> </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p align="center" style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2in; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><br />
</p>
<h1 align="center" class="western" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0.2in; margin-top: 0in; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: IrvinHeadingWeb, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-variant: normal;">Can
Progressives Be Convinced That Genetics Matters?</span></span></span></span></h1>
<p align="center" style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2in; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: TNYAdobeCaslonPro, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>The
behavior geneticist Kathryn Paige Harden is waging a two-front
campaign: on her left are those who assume that genes are irrelevant,
on her right those who insist that they’re everything.</i></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: NeutrafaceNewYorker, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>By </b></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/gideon-lewis-kraus"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: NeutrafaceNewYorker, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">Gideon
Lewis-Kraus</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;">“</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: TNYAdobeCaslonPro, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Building
a commitment to egalitarianism on our genetic uniformity is building
a house on sand,” Harden writes.</span></i></span></span></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmYxd4mNIIcNgPjLUAYaI0s-uAMTb8h5FF0tjkOXwfL83D352s6JPHwW0QprStQU0GNn5DvSE2fTU4dRcbg7DSGwc5DkWJQu-GsdYNDzK2S2KxW4RcZqIE3TJB2pSQ4nLR21co4l0gzQszVXtoXjISpGy_SzvLAvYjuCXryJ-LeyaHMD3QEL3IlK0Y=s1657" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1657" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmYxd4mNIIcNgPjLUAYaI0s-uAMTb8h5FF0tjkOXwfL83D352s6JPHwW0QprStQU0GNn5DvSE2fTU4dRcbg7DSGwc5DkWJQu-GsdYNDzK2S2KxW4RcZqIE3TJB2pSQ4nLR21co4l0gzQszVXtoXjISpGy_SzvLAvYjuCXryJ-LeyaHMD3QEL3IlK0Y=w309-h400" width="309" /></a></div>
<p><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Graphik, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Photograph
by Dan Winters for The New Yorker</b></span></span></span></span></span></span>
September 6, 2021</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Until she was
thirty-three, Kathryn Paige Harden, a professor of psychology at the
University of Texas at Austin, had enjoyed a vocational ascent so
steady that it seemed guided by the hand of predestination. When she
first went on the job market, at twenty-six, her graduate-school
mentor, Eric Turkheimer, a professor at the University of Virginia,
recommended her with an almost mystified alacrity. “More than
anyone else who has come through my lab, I find myself answering
questions by saying, ‘We should check with Paige,’ ” he wrote.
“I am absolutely confident she will be a successful addition to any
faculty, and she brings a significant chance of being a superstar.”
Her early scholarship was singled out for prestigious awards and
grants, and she was offered tenure at thirty-two. In 2016, she began
co-hosting an Introduction to Psychology class from a soundstage, in
the style of a morning show—she and her colleague drank coffee from
matching mugs—that was live-streamed each semester to more than a
thousand students. She couldn’t cross campus without being stopped
for selfies.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden works in the
field of behavior genetics, which investigates the influence of genes
on character traits (neuroticism, agreeableness) and life outcomes
(educational attainment, income, criminality). Such research has
historically relied upon “twin studies,” which compare identical
twins with fraternal ones to differentiate genetic from environmental
effects. As a new professor, she co-founded the Texas Twin Project,
the first registry engineered to maximize representation of
low-income families from ethnically diverse backgrounds. In a recent
paper, Harden asked, “You only have one life to live, but if you
rewound the tape and started anew from the exact same genetic and
environmental starting point, how differently could your life go?”
She continued, “Overall, twin research suggests that, in your
alternate life, you might not have gotten divorced, you might have
made more money, you might be more extraverted or organized—but you
are unlikely to be substantially different in your cognitive ability,
education, or mental disease.” In the past few years, Harden noted,
new molecular techniques have begun to shore up the basic finding
that our personal trajectories owe a considerable debt to our genes.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">On sabbatical for
the 2015-16 academic year, Harden and Elliot Tucker-Drob, a colleague
to whom she was married at the time, were invited to New York City
with their two young children—a three-year-old boy and a
nine-month-old girl—as visiting scholars-in-residence at the
Russell Sage Foundation. Russell Sage, which occupies a handsome
Philip Johnson building in Manhattan, primarily supports
sociologists, journalists, and economists, but it had recently
launched an initiative to integrate the biological sciences. Harden
felt almost immediately unwelcome at the regular fellows’ lunches.
Many of the left-leaning social scientists seemed certain that
behavior-genetics research, no matter how well intentioned, was
likely to lead us down the garden path to eugenics. The world would
be better, Harden was told, if she quit. When their cohort went to
see “Hamilton,” the others professed surprise that Harden and
Tucker-Drob had enjoyed it, as if their work could be done only by
people uncomfortable with an inclusive vision of American history.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden assumed that
such leeriness was the vestige of a bygone era, when genes were
described as the “hard-wiring” of individual fate, and that her
critics might be reassured by updated information. Two weeks before
her family was due to return to Texas, she e-mailed the fellows a new
study, in Psychological Science, led by Daniel Belsky, at Duke. The
paper drew upon a major international collaboration that had
identified sites on the genome that evinced a statistically
significant correlation with educational attainment; Belsky and his
colleagues used that data to compile a “polygenic score”—a
weighted sum of an individual’s relevant genetic variants—that
could partly explain population variance in reading ability and years
of schooling. His study sampled New Zealanders of northern-European
descent and was carefully controlled for childhood socioeconomic
status. “Hope that you find this interesting food for thought,”
she wrote.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">William Darity, a
professor of public policy at Duke and perhaps the country’s
leading scholar on the economics of racial inequality, answered
curtly, starting a long chain of replies. Given the difficulties of
distinguishing between genetic and environmental effects on social
outcomes, he wrote, such investigations were at best futile: “There
will be no reason to pursue these types of research programs at all,
and they can be rendered to the same location as Holocaust denial
research.” By the time he wrote again, several hours later, one of
Harden’s few supporters among the fellows had changed the thread’s
subject line from “new genetics paper” to “Seriously? Holocaust
deniers?” Darity responded, “I feel just as strongly that we
should not keep the notions that the world is 6000 years old or that
climate change is a fabrication under consideration.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden remarked that
being called a climate skeptic was marginally preferable to being
called a Holocaust denier. She offered to host a lunch to discuss the
uncontroversial basics of genetics research for anyone interested.
Darity was reluctant to let the matter go: “One final comment from
me, and then I will withdraw into my pique.” In 1994, he wrote, the
political scientist Charles Murray and the late psychologist Richard
Herrnstein “published a bestseller that achieved great notoriety,
The Bell Curve. Apart from its claims about a genetic basis for a
‘racial’ hierarchy in intelligence, the book claimed that social
outcomes like poverty and inequality in earnings had a genetic
foundation. Personally, I thought the book was outrageous and a
saddening resuscitation of ideas that had increasingly been dismissed
as ‘pseudoscience.’ Belsky’s work strikes me as an extension of
the Murray-Herrnstein view of the world.” He concluded, “At some
point, I think we need to say enough is enough.” (Darity told me,
of his e-mails, “I stand by all that.”)</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">An admirer of
Darity’s work—especially on reparations for slavery—Harden was
surprised that she’d elicited such rancor from someone with whom
she was otherwise in near-total political agreement. In the wake of
the exchange, some of the other fellows stopped speaking to Harden,
and the e-mail chain was forwarded to members of the foundation’s
board. The next year, after winning the American Psychological
Association’s Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career
Contribution to Psychology, Harden applied for a grant from Russell
Sage’s biosciences initiative, which had supported similar research
in the past. She received enthusiastic peer reviews from its
scientific advisers, and was given to understand that the grant’s
disbursal was a fait accompli. During a contentious meeting, however,
the full board voted to overturn the scientific panel’s
recommendation. Over the next year, a biosciences working group
revised the program’s funding guidelines, stipulating in the final
draft that it would not support any research into the first-order
effects of genes on behavior or social outcomes. In the end, the
board chose to disband the initiative entirely. (A spokesperson for
Russell Sage told me by e-mail that the decision was based on the
“consideration of numerous factors, including RSF’s relative lack
of expertise in this area.”)</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden has spent the
last five years thinking about Darity’s objections. As she put it
to me recently, “When I reread his e-mails, it all struck me as
very Chekhovian. Like, here are all the guns that are going to go off
in Act V.” Harden understands why the left, with which she
identifies, has nurtured an aversion to genetics. She went to
graduate school in Charlottesville, the birthplace of Carrie Buck, a
“feeble-minded” woman who was sterilized against her will, in
1927, under a state eugenics program sanctioned by the Supreme Court.
But she does not believe that a recognition of this horrifying
history ought to entail the peremptory rejection of the current
scientific consensus. The left’s decision to withdraw from
conversations about genetics and social outcomes leaves a vacuum that
the right has gaily filled. The situation has been exploited as a
“red pill” to expose liberal hypocrisy. Today, Harden is at the
forefront of an inchoate movement, sometimes referred to as the
“hereditarian left,” dedicated to the development of a new moral
framework for talking about genetics.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">This fall, Princeton
University Press will publish Harden’s book, “The Genetic
Lottery: Why DNA Matters for Social Equality,” which attempts to
reconcile the findings of her field with her commitments to social
justice. As she writes, “Yes, the genetic differences between any
two people are tiny when compared to the long stretches of DNA coiled
in every human cell. But these differences loom large when trying to
understand why, for example, one child has autism and another
doesn’t; why one is deaf and another hearing; and—as I will
describe in this book—why one child will struggle with school and
another will not. Genetic differences between us matter for our
lives. They cause differences in things we care about. Building a
commitment to egalitarianism on our genetic uniformity is building a
house on sand.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden understands
herself to be waging a two-front campaign. On her left are those
inclined to insist that genes don’t really matter; on her right are
those who suspect that genes are, in fact, the only things that
matter. The history of behavior genetics is the story of each
generation’s attempt to chart a middle course. When the discipline
first began to coalesce, in the early nineteen-sixties, the memory of
Nazi atrocities rendered the eugenics threat distinctly
untheoretical. The reigning model of human development, which seemed
to accord with postwar liberal principles, was behaviorism, with its
hope that environmental manipulation could produce any desired
outcome. It did not take much, however, to notice that there is
considerable variance in the distribution of human abilities. The
early behavior geneticists started with the premise that our nature
is neither perfectly fixed nor perfectly plastic, and that this was a
good thing. They conscripted as their intellectual patriarch the
Russian émigré Theodosius Dobzhansky, an evolutionary biologist who
was committed to anti-racism and to the conviction that “genetic
diversity is mankind’s most precious resource, not a regrettable
deviation from an ideal state of monotonous sameness.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The field’s modern
pioneers were keen to establish that their interest lay in academic
questions, and they prioritized the comparatively clement study of
animals. In 1965, John Paul Scott and John L. Fuller reported that,
despite the discernible genetic differences among dog breeds, there
did not seem to be categorical distinctions that might allow one to
conclude that, say, German shepherds were smarter than Labradors. The
most important variations occurred on an individual level, and
environmental conditions were as important as innate qualities, if
not more so.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">This era of comity
did not last long. In 1969, Arthur Jensen, a respected psychologist
at Berkeley, published an article called “How Much Can We Boost IQ
and Scholastic Achievement?” in the Harvard Educational Review.
Jensen coolly argued that there was an I.Q. gap between the races in
America; that the reason for this gap was at least partly genetic,
and thus, unfortunately, immutable; and that policy interventions
were unlikely to thwart the natural hierarchy. The Jensen affair,
which extended for more than a decade, prefigured the publication of
“The Bell Curve”: endless public debate, student protests, burned
effigies, death threats, accusations of intellectual totalitarianism.
As Aaron Panofsky writes in “Misbehaving Science,” a history of
the discipline, “Controversies wax and wane, sometimes they emerge
explosively, but they never really resolve and always threaten to
reappear.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The problem was that
most of Jensen’s colleagues agreed with some of his basic claims:
it did seem that there was something akin to “general intelligence”
in humans, that it could be meaningfully measured with I.Q. tests,
and that genetic inheritance has a good deal to do with it. Critics
quickly pointed out that the convoluted social pathways that led from
genes to complex traits rendered any simple notion of genetic
“causation” silly. In 1972, Christopher Jencks, a sociologist at
Harvard, proposed the thought experiment of a country in which
red-haired children were prevented from going to school. One might
anticipate that such children would demonstrate a weaker reading
ability, which, because red hair is genetic in origin, would be
conspicuously linked to their genes—and would, in some bizarre
sense, be “caused” by them.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Richard Lewontin, a
geneticist and a staunch egalitarian, developed a different analogy.
Imagine a bag of seed corn. If you plant one handful in nutrient-poor
soil, and another in rich loam, there will be a stark difference in
their average stalk height, irrespective of any genetic
predisposition. (There will also be greater “inequality” among
the well-provisioned plants; perhaps counterintuitively, the more
uniformly beneficial the climate, the more pronounced the effects of
genetic difference.) Jensen’s racial comparison was thus
unwarranted and invidious: it was absurd to think, in the America of
1969, that different races enjoyed equally bountiful circumstances.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Behavior geneticists
emphasized that their own studies showed that poorer children adopted
by wealthy families saw substantial gains in average I.Q. This
finding, it later emerged, obtained on a societal basis as well. The
scholar James Flynn found that, for reasons that are not entirely
understood, the average I.Q. of a population increases significantly
over time: most people living a hundred years ago, were they given
contemporary I.Q. tests, would easily have qualified as what early
psychometricians called, with putative technical precision, “morons”
or “imbeciles.” Such tests might be measuring something real, but
whatever it is cannot be considered “purely” biological or
inflexible.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Our ability to
remediate genetic differences was thus a separate moral question. In
1979, the economist Arthur Goldberger published a mordant rejoinder
to social conservatives who argued that genetic differences rendered
the welfare apparatus supererogatory. “In the same vein, if it were
shown that a large proportion of the variance in eyesight were due to
genetic causes, then the Royal Commission on the Distribution of
Eyeglasses might well pack up,” he wrote. Just because outcomes
might be partly genetic didn’t mean that they were inevitable.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">As twin studies
proliferated throughout the nineteen-eighties, their results
contributed to substantial changes in our moral intuitions. When
schizophrenia and autism, for example, turned out to be largely
heritable, we no longer blamed these disorders on cold or inept
mothers. But, for such freighted traits as intelligence, liberals
remained understandably anxious and continued to insist that
differences—not just on a group level but on an individual one—were
merely artifacts of an unequal environment. Conservatives pointed out
that an à-la-carte approach to scientific findings was
intellectually incoherent.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">In 1997, Turkheimer,
perhaps the preëminent behavior geneticist of his generation,
published a short political meditation called “The Search for a
Psychometric Left,” in which he called upon his fellow-liberals to
accept that they had nothing to fear from genes. He proposed that “a
psychometric left would recognize that human ability, individual
differences in human ability, measures of human ability, and genetic
influences on human ability are all real but profoundly complex, too
complex for the imposition of biogenetic or political schemata. It
would assert that the most important difference between the races is
racism, with its origins in the horrific institution of slavery only
a very few generations ago. Opposition to determinism, reductionism
and racism, in their extreme or moderate forms, need not depend on
blanket rejection of undeniable if easily misinterpreted facts like
heritability.” He concluded, “Indeed it had better not, because
if it does the eventual victory of the psychometric right is
assured.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Having endured the
summer of 2020 trapped indoors in the oppressive Austin heat, Harden
was grateful for an invitation to spend this past June at Montana
State University, in Bozeman. A recent influx of out-of-town wealth
had accelerated during the pandemic, and the town’s industrial
fixtures had been ruthlessly spruced up to suit the needs of remote
knowledge workers. Harden, who has moss-colored eyes, a wry smile,
and an earnest nonchalance, met me at a coffee shop that looked as
though it had been airlifted that morning from San Francisco. She
wore a soft flannel shirt, faded stone-washed jeans, and dark Ray-Ban
sunglasses. The air was hot and dry, but Harden is the sort of person
who seems accompanied by a perpetual breeze. “ ‘The Bell Curve’
came out when I was twelve years old, and somehow that’s still what
people are talking about,” she said. “There’s a new white dude
in every generation who gets famous talking about this.” Virtually
every time Harden gives a presentation, someone asks about “Gattaca,”
the 1997 movie about a dystopia structured by genetic caste. Harden
responds that the life of a behavior geneticist resembles a different
nineties classic: “Groundhog Day.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden was raised in
a conservative environment, and though she later rejected much of her
upbringing, she has maintained a convert’s distrust of orthodoxy.
Her father’s family were farmers and pipeline workers in Texas, and
her grandparents—Pentecostalists who embraced faith healing and
speaking in tongues—were lifted out of extreme poverty by the
military. “It was the classic tale of the government’s deliberate
creation of a white middle class,” she said. Her father served as a
Navy pilot, then took a job flying for FedEx, and Harden and her
brother grew up in an exurb of Memphis. Harden scandalized her
Christian high school when, at fifteen, she wrote a term paper about
“The Bell Jar.” She has not recapitulated the arc of her parents’
lives. “They’re still very religious—very suspicious of the
mainstream media, secular universities, secular anything, which has
accelerated in the Trump years.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden’s parents
insisted that she stay in the South for college, and Furman
University, a formerly Baptist college in South Carolina, gave her a
full scholarship based on her near-perfect SAT scores. She received
paid summer fellowships in rodent genetics, and found that she
preferred the grunt work of the lab bench to the difficult
multitasking required by the jobs in waitressing and retail to which
she was accustomed. She only later realized that the point of the
program was to draw students from underrepresented backgrounds into
science. At twenty, she applied to graduate school in clinical
psychology. Her father’s only comment was “I was afraid you were
going to say that.” She was rejected almost everywhere, but
Turkheimer, noting her lab experience and her exceptionally high
quantitative G.R.E. scores, invited her for an interview. She wore a
new Ann Taylor suit and he wore Tevas. Turkheimer’s e-mail avatar
is the Greek letter psi, for “psychology,” set against the
Grateful Dead logo; he offered her admission on the condition that
she stop calling him “sir.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Her experiences as
an apprentice scientist were only part of the reason that she grew
disillusioned with evangelicalism: “There was this incredible
post-9/11 nationalism—flags on the altar next to crosses—that
infected my church to a point that felt immoral and gross. Sometimes
I feel like I sat through eleven years of Christian school and
absorbed all the things they didn’t intend for me to absorb. I
thought we were following a social-justice ethos in which the meek
shall inherit the earth, and I must’ve missed the track that was
the run-up to the Iraq War.” Turkheimer recommended a local
psychoanalyst, who, Harden said, took her on as a “charity case.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">It might have seemed
peculiar that a behavior geneticist was recommending analytic
treatment, but Turkheimer had long been known for his belief that
biological explanations for behavior were unlikely ever to supplant
cultural and psychological ones. Turkheimer’s longtime rival, the
prolific researcher Robert Plomin, believed otherwise, predicting
that we would one day achieve molecular-level purchase on what makes
people who they are. Turkheimer associated himself with what Plomin
lamented as “the gloomy prospect”—the notion that the relevant
processes were too messy and idiosyncratic to be fixed under glass.
The prospect was gloomy, Turkheimer said, only from the perspective
of a social scientist. As a person, he had a more sanguine view: “In
the long run, the gloomy prospect always wins, and no one would want
to live in a world where it did not.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">This did not mean
that behavior genetics was useless, only that it required a modest
perspective on what could be achieved: twin studies might never
explain how a given genotype made someone more likely to be
depressed, but they could help avoid the kind of mistaken inference
that blamed bad parenting. Harden’s work in Turkheimer’s lab
remained squarely within this tradition. For example, the state of
Texas spent a lot of money on school programs to promote sexual
abstinence, on the basis of research that showed a correlation
between adolescent sexuality and subsequent antisocial behavior.
Harden used a twin study to demonstrate that a twin who began having
sex early showed no greater likelihood of engaging in risky behavior
than her twin who had abstained. In other words, both behaviors might
be the expression of some underlying predisposition, but no causal
arrow could be drawn. She did similar work to show that the idea of
“peer pressure” as a driver of adolescent substance abuse was, at
best, a radical oversimplification of an extremely complex
transactional dynamic between genes and environment.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden’s years in
graduate school coincided with the arrival of actual geneticists in a
field long dominated by psychologists. In 2003, scientists completed
the first full map of the human genome, and it seemed as though
Plomin’s vision would be borne out. Some illnesses—Huntington’s,
for example—turned out to be the result of a mutation in a single
gene, and there was a widespread assumption that complex personality
traits might be as cleanly derived. A gene was purportedly identified
for aggression, and one for depression, and one for homosexuality.
But these studies couldn’t be replicated, and the “candidate
gene” era had to be written off as a gross misstep. It became clear
that complex traits were governed by multiple genes, and that
individual genes could pertain to a variety of attributes.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Around the time that
Harden was finishing her dissertation, however, researchers began to
wonder if it might be possible to identify hundreds or even thousands
of places in the genome where differences in our DNA sequences could
be correlated with a trait or an outcome. This research design was
called a “genome-wide association study,” or gwas (pronounced
ji-wass). Turkheimer was characteristically unimpressed with the
initial results, which were weak. At the annual conference of the
Behavior Genetics Association in 2013, he delivered a withering
keynote address: trying to understand human behavior with a gwas was
like putting a CD under a microscope to figure out if a song was
good. Harden, too, was sure that they would not learn anything from
these contrived statistical exercises. “But we were wrong,” she
said.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">In the last five
years, gwas results have rapidly evolved. Polygenic scores can now
account for a good deal of a population’s variance in height and
weight, and have been shown to predict cardiovascular disease and
diabetes. “This is really a cause for celebration,” Plomin told
me. “Imagine the advent of predictive medicine—to be able to
identify medical issues before they occur.” Researchers have also
found links with complex behavioral traits. “Significant hits have
been reported for traits such as coffee and tea consumption, chronic
sleep disturbances (insomnia), tiredness, and even whether an
individual is a morning person or a night person,” Plomin notes, in
his 2018 book, “Blueprint: How DNA Makes Us Who We Are.” The new
research, he writes, “signals the start of the DNA revolution in
psychology.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The largest gwas for
educational attainment to date found almost thirteen hundred sites on
the genome that are correlated with success in school. Though each
might have an infinitesimally small statistical relationship with the
outcome, together they can be summed to produce a score that has
predictive validity: those in the group with the highest scores were
approximately five times more likely to graduate from college than
those with the lowest scores—about as accurate a predictor as
traditional social-science variables like parental income. Nobody
knows quite what to do with these results, but, as one population
geneticist put it to me, “the train has left the station—even if
researchers don’t fully understand what they’re learning, this is
how the genome is used now.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden and her
collaborators currently conduct their own gwas efforts; most
recently, they have investigated behaviors including adolescent
aggression and risktaking, which are strongly predictive of life span
and labor-market outcomes. She knows that she may never convince
Turkheimer, who continues to argue that the light these studies
generate is too faint to dispel his gloom. But she thinks that they
represent an incremental step forward: “Eric says it’s dangerous
to talk about genes if you don’t know exactly how they’re
associated with the outcome, but we don’t even really know how,
exactly, poverty changes things—why is it good to be adopted into a
rich family?” She added, “It’s impossible for me not to care
about how what people start with shapes their lives.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden was joined in
Bozeman by her younger brother, Micah, who was visiting from Memphis.
We sat together on the covered patio of the airy house Harden had
rented with her boyfriend, an architectural designer named Travis
Avery. It was the longest spell she had ever spent away from her
children, who were on a road trip with Tucker-Drob. (The couple got
divorced in 2018.) Micah had not yet read his sister’s book but had
grudgingly agreed to be genotyped for it. “We have the same brown
hair, same green eyes, same tendency to do what our stepmother refers
to as the ‘Harden slow-blink,’ closing our eyes for a few seconds
when we are annoyed at someone,” she writes. “Despite these
similarities, our lives have turned out differently.” Micah still
lives near their childhood home, has not left the church, and can run
up and down a soccer field “without gasping for oxygen.” Her
broader point, she told me, was that siblings, who share only about
half their DNA, are as unalike as they are similar. She said, “On
our thirteenth chromosome we’re basically two strangers.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Micah had come with
his wife, Steffi, and their ten-month-old, Hadley, a bright, sly
child with an endearingly defiant stare. As the adults sat around
talking, Hadley plotted to make off with the ramekins of almonds and
glasses of wine. Each time she evaded adult supervision and vaulted
onto the coffee table, Micah took the opportunity to troll his
sister, saying delightedly, “Looks like Hadley won the genetic
lottery!” Harden rolled her eyes and reminded him that this was the
opposite of what she’d meant. Micah, as it turned out, knew
precisely what she meant; he had already described the book to Steffi
as “telling the right that they didn’t bootstrap and telling the
left that interventions are more complicated than they want to
believe,” which Harden conceded was not a terrible précis. Micah
and Steffi had met playing soccer, and Harden teased them that Hadley
might forsake the pitch for musical theatre. She thinks that all the
books about the minor decisions of parenting—whether to introduce
carrots or broccoli first, say—are “an attempt to psychologically
defend ourselves from how little control we have in the world, about
ourselves and our children.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The episode at
Russell Sage had prompted Harden to think about what her research
really meant: “The experience was a pivot point for me, away from a
career that was almost entirely about the production of empirical
research and toward doing more metascience.” “The Genetic
Lottery” reflects her years spent wandering in the desert. The book
does not shy away from technical details, but it wears its learning
lightly; alongside Harden’s frequent Biblical allusions are
references to the movies “Clueless” and “Sliding Doors.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden described her
book to me as “fundamentally defensive in a lot of ways,” and
before she makes any claims for what we can learn from gwas results
she goes into great detail about their limitations. gwas simply
provides a picture of how genes are correlated with success, or
mental health, or criminality, for particular populations in a
particular society at a particular time: it wouldn’t make sense to
compare findings for educational attainment for women in America
today with women who came of age before sex-based discrimination was
outlawed in higher education. And gwas results are not “portable”:
a study conducted on white Britons tells you little about people in
Estonia or Nigeria. Polygenic scores remain poor predictors of
individual outcomes—there are plenty of people on the low end of
the spectrum for educational attainment who go on to graduate
studies, and plenty of people on the high end who never secure a
high-school diploma.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">GWAS results can
accidentally reveal as much about culture or geography as they do
about genes. A study of chopstick use in San Francisco would find
that proficiency is genetically correlated with East Asian ancestry,
which is a far cry from the discovery of an inborn dexterity with a
particular utensil. One way to sidestep this pitfall is by comparing
gwas results within families, where they have been shown to reliably
account for differences in life outcomes among siblings. But even
this measure does not solve Christopher Jencks’s redhead problem.
“A person might go far in education because they are smart and
curious and hard-working, or because they are conforming and
risk-averse and obsessive, or because they have features (pretty,
tall, skinny, light-colored) that privilege them in an intractably
biased society,” Harden writes. “A study of what is correlated
with succeeding in an education system doesn’t tell you whether
that system is good, or fair, or just.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">At some point,
Harden has to set aside her caveats and assert that sheer genetic
luck plays a causal role in outcomes that matter: “If people are
born with different genes, if the genetic Powerball lands on a
different polygenic combination, then they differ not just in their
height but also in their wealth.” For her, accepting this is the
necessary prelude to any conversation about what to do about it. “If
you want to help people, you have to know what’s most effective, so
you need the science,” she told me. Harden thinks that the
conversation about behavior genetics will continue to go in circles
as long as we preserve the facile distinction between immutable
genetic causes and malleable environmental ones. We would be better
off if we accepted that everything is woven of long causal chains
from genes through culture to personhood, and that the more we
understand about them the more effective our interventions might be.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The first thing that
social-science genomics can do is help researchers control for
confounding genetic variables that are almost universally overlooked.
As Harden puts it in her book, “Genetic data gets one source of
human differences out of the way, so that the environment is easier
to see.” For example, beginning in 2002, the federal government
spent almost a billion dollars on something called the Healthy
Marriage Initiative, which sought to reduce marital conflict as a way
of combatting poverty and juvenile crime. Harden was not surprised to
hear that the policy had no discernible effect. Her own research
showed that, when identical-twin sisters have marriages with
different levels of conflict, their children have equal risk for
delinquency. The point was not to estimate the effects of DNA per se,
but to provide an additional counterfactual for analysis: would an
observed result continue to hold up if the people involved had
different genes? Harden can identify studies on a vast array of
topics—Will coaching underresourced parents to speak more to their
children reduce educational gaps? Does having dinner earlier improve
familial relationships?—whose conclusions she considers dubious
because the researchers controlled for everything except the fact
that parents pass along to their children both a home environment and
a genome.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">She acknowledged
that gwas techniques are too new, and the anxieties about behavior
genetics too deeply entrenched, to have produced many immediately
instrumental examples so far. But she pointed to a study from last
year as proof of concept. A team of researchers led by Jasmin Wertz,
at Duke, used gwas results to examine four different “aspects of
parenting that have previously been shown to predict children’s
educational attainment: cognitive stimulation; warmth and
sensitivity; household chaos (reverse-coded to indicate low household
chaos); and the safety and tidiness of the family home.” They found
that one of them—cognitive stimulation—was linked to children’s
academic achievement and their mothers’ genes, even when the
children did not inherit the relevant variants. Parental choices to
read books, do puzzles, and visit museums might be conditioned by
their own genes, but they nevertheless produced significant
environmental effects.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Even the discovery
that a particular outcome is largely genetic doesn’t mean that its
effects will invariably persist. In 1972, the U.K. government raised
the age at which students could leave school, from fifteen to
sixteen. In 2018, a research group studied the effects of the extra
year on the students as adults, and found that their health outcomes
for measures like body-mass index, for whatever reason, improved
slightly on average. But those with a high genetic propensity for
obesity benefitted dramatically—a differential impact that might
easily have gone unnoticed.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Some of Harden’s
most recent research has looked at curricular tracking for
mathematics, an intuitive instance of how gene-environment
interactions can create feedback loops. Poor schools, Harden has
found, tend to let down all their students: those with innate math
ability are rarely encouraged to pursue advanced classes, and those
who struggle are allowed to drop the subject entirely—a situation
that often forecloses the possibility of college. The most well-off
schools are able to initiate virtuous cycles in the most gifted math
students, and break vicious cycles in the less gifted, raising the
ceiling and the floor for achievement.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden has
perceived, in the wake of studies like these, a new willingness to
consider the role of genetics: “I get e-mails now from curious
social scientists that say, ‘I’ve never thought genetics was
useful or relevant for me, in part because I worried there was no way
to talk about genes and intelligence, or genes and behavior, without
dabbling in Murray-style scientific racism.’ ”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The
Murray-Herrnstein gun that hung on the wall of William Darity’s
e-mail went off about a year later. On April 23, 2017, the popular
podcaster Sam Harris released an episode—“Forbidden
Knowledge”—designed to trigger a commotion among liberal
intellectuals. Harris was affiliated with the so-called Intellectual
Dark Web, a miscellaneous club (from which he has since distanced
himself) bound together by a shared fixation with what it perceives
to be liberal groupthink. In his interviews, Harris adopts a drowsy
monotone that seems pitched to signal his commitment to the
dispassionate promotion of disputatious ideas. On this occasion he
invited listeners to “strap in” for a conversation with Charles
Murray about “The Bell Curve,” which Harris advertised as “one
of the most controversial books in living memory.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The book generated
such outsized hostility, according to Harris, because it traffics in
unpleasant truths. “People don’t want to hear that intelligence
is a real thing, and that some people have more of it than others,”
he said. “They don’t want to hear that differences in I.Q. matter
because they’re highly predictive of differential success in
life—and not just for things like educational attainment and wealth
but for things like out-of-wedlock birth and mortality. People don’t
want to hear that a person’s intelligence is in large measure due
to his or her genes and there seems to be very little we can do
environmentally to increase a person’s intelligence, even in
childhood. It’s not that the environment doesn’t matter, but
genes appear to be fifty to eighty per cent of the story. People
don’t want to hear this. And they certainly don’t want to hear
that average I.Q. differs across races and ethnic groups.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harris was drawn to
Murray’s defense after an incident at Middlebury College, the
previous month, in which Murray was shouted down by student
protesters and his faculty chaperone was injured in a melee. Harris
considered the deplatforming “part of an anti-free-speech hysteria
that is spreading on college campuses,” and concluded, “I find
the dishonesty and hypocrisy and moral cowardice of Murray’s
critics shocking. And the fact that I was taken in by this defamation
of him, and effectively became part of a silent mob that was just
watching what amounted to a modern witch-burning—that was
intolerable to me.” The two men discussed Murray’s contention
that observed racial differences are at least partly genetic in
origin, and that meliorist interventions like welfare and
affirmative-action programs are unlikely to prove successful.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harris seemed less
interested in Murray as a scholar or pundit than as a culture-war
trope. Soon after the events at Middlebury, the Web magazine Vox had
published a piece that rejected even Murray’s basic points about
intelligence tout court. Harris’s podcast seemed designed to reveal
that the left’s repudiation of Murray was motivated by politics
rather than by science. After it was released, Vox asked Turkheimer
to contribute a rebuttal, and he proposed that Harden collaborate.
Harden felt a responsibility to accept the assignment. “People are
very tempted by Murray’s ideas, and there’s a certain kind of
person who almost certainly hasn’t read ‘The Bell Curve’ but
listens to Sam Harris, who has a huge audience,” she told me.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">She believed that
the left’s standard-issue response was unhelpful. “This is a very
Christian thing I’m about to say, but it reminds me of the episode
where Jesus is tempted by Satan in the desert,” she told me, in
Bozeman. “There’s just enough truth in Murray that if you say,
‘This is all wrong,’ you paint yourself into a corner where you
say intellectually dishonest things. Jesus has to say, ‘This part
is true, and this part is false.’ ” She stopped herself. “Don’t
write that I’m comparing Murray to Satan,” she said, and then
continued, “I know we all want to say it’s not true that
‘intelligence tests predict things,’ but that’s not the lie.”
To say that sort of thing ran the risk of furthering the martyrology
of Murray, and of lending lustre to the notion that his ideas were
indeed “forbidden knowledge.” The scholar and critic Fredrik
deBoer, who has drawn heavily on Harden’s work, has been even more
pointed in his criticism. In a 2017 essay, he wrote, “Liberals have
flattered themselves, since the election, as the party of facts,
truth tellers who are laboring against those who have rejected reason
itself. And, on certain issues, I suspect they are right. But let’s
be clear: the denial of the impact of genetics on human academic
outcomes is fake news.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The Vox piece, which
Harden and Turkheimer wrote with the social psychologist Richard
Nisbett, was headlined “Charles Murray is once again peddling junk
science about race and IQ.” There is a lot of good evidence, they
wrote, to support the ideas that “intelligence, as measured by IQ
tests, is a meaningful construct” and that “individual
differences in intelligence are moderately heritable.” They even
conceded, with many qualifications, that “racial groups differ in
their mean scores on IQ tests.” But there was simply no good
scientific reason to conclude that observed racial gaps were anything
but the fallout from the effects of racism. They pointed out that in
the one instance when Harris used James Flynn’s work to push back
against Murray’s ideas, Murray responded with some hand-waving
about a research paper that he admitted was too complicated for him
to understand.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Despite its
inflammatory headline, the article represented an unusually subtle
culture-war intervention. Nevertheless, Harris and his legion of
supporters took it as the instigation of a “smear campaign.” In
Quillette, the researcher Richard Haier compared Harden and
Turkheimer’s repudiation of Murray to climate-change denial—the
second time in a year that Harden had been thus indicted, this time
from the right. The recriminations of what Harden now describes as
“the Vox fiasco” dragged on over the next year, with parades of
arguments and counterarguments, leaked personal e-mails, and levels
of sustained podcasting that were, by anyone’s standards, extreme.
Harden told me, “The popular reaction was so divorced from that of
the scientific community that men on the Internet were sending me
papers to read without realizing they were citing work by my
ex-husband, and that the work itself was a meta-analysis of my own
papers.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Last summer, an
anonymous intermediary proposed to Harris and Harden that they
address their unresolved issues. Harden appeared on Harris’s
podcast, and patiently explained why Murray’s speculation was
dangerously out in front of the science. At the moment, technical and
methodological challenges, as well as the persistent effects of an
unequal environment, would make it impossible to conduct an
experiment to test Murray’s idly incendiary hypotheses. She refused
to grant that his provocations were innocent: “I don’t disagree
with you about insisting on intellectual honesty, but I think of it
as ‘both/and’—I think that that value is very important, but I
also find it very important to listen to people when they say, ‘I’m
worried about how this idea might be used to harm me or my family or
my neighborhood or my group.’ ” (Harris declined to comment on
the record for this piece.) As she once put it in an essay, “There
is a middle ground between ‘let’s never talk about genes and
pretend cognitive ability doesn’t exist’ and ‘let’s just ask
some questions that pander to a virulent on-line community populated
by racists with swastikas in their Twitter bios.’ ”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden is not alone
in her drive to fulfill Turkheimer’s dream of a “psychometric
left.” Dalton Conley and Jason Fletcher’s book, “The Genome
Factor,” from 2017, outlines similar arguments, as does the
sociologist Jeremy Freese. Last year, Fredrik deBoer published “The
Cult of Smart,” which argues that the education-reform movement has
been trammelled by its willful ignorance of genetic variation. Views
associated with the “hereditarian left” have also been
articulated by the psychiatrist and essayist Scott Alexander and the
philosopher Peter Singer. Singer told me, of Harden, “Her ethical
arguments are ones that I have held for quite a long time. If you
ignore these things that contribute to inequality, or pretend they
don’t exist, you make it more difficult to achieve the kind of
society that you value.” He added, “There’s a politically
correct left that’s still not open to these things.” Stuart
Ritchie, an intelligence researcher, told me he thinks that Harden’s
book might create its own audience: “There’s so much toxicity in
this debate that it’ll take a long time to change people’s minds
on it, if at all, but I think Paige’s book is just so clear in its
explanation of the science.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The nomenclature has
given Harden pause, depending on the definition of “hereditarian,”
which can connote more biodeterminist views, and the definition of
“left”—deBoer is a communist, Alexander leans libertarian, and
Harden described herself to me as a “Matthew 25:40 empiricist”
(“The King will reply, ‘Truly I tell you, whatever you did for
one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for
me’ ”). The political sensitivity of the subject has convinced
many sympathetic economists, psychologists, and geneticists to keep
their heads below the parapets of academia. As the population
geneticist I spoke to put it to me, “Geneticists know how to talk
about this stuff to each other, in part because we understand terms
like ‘heritability,’ which we use in technical ways that don’t
always fully overlap with their colloquial meanings, and in part
because we’re charitable with each other, assume each other’s
good faith—we know that our colleagues aren’t eugenicists. But we
have no idea how to talk about it in public, and, while I don’t
agree with everything she said, sometimes it feels like we’ve all
been sitting around waiting for a book like Paige’s.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden’s
outspokenness has generated significant blowback from the left. On
Twitter, she has been caricatured as a kind of ditzy bourgeois
dilettante who gives succor to the viciousness of the alt-right. This
March, after she expressed support for standardized testing—which
she argues predicts student success above and beyond G.P.A. and can
help increase low-income and minority representation—a parody
account appeared under the handle @EugenicInc, with the name “Dr.
Harden, Social Justice Through Eugenics!” and the bio “Not a
determinist, but yes, genes cause everything. I just want to breed
more Hilary Clinton’s for higher quality future people.” One
tweet read, “In This House We Believe, Science is Real, Womens
Rights are Human Rights, Black Lives Matter, News Isnt Fake, Some
Kids Have Dumb-Dumb Genes!!!”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">In 2018, she wrote
an Op-Ed in the Times, arguing that progressives should embrace the
potential of genetics to inform education policy. Dorothy Roberts, a
professor of law, sociology, and Africana studies at the University
of Pennsylvania, strongly disagreed: “There’s just no way that
genetic testing is going to lead to a restructuring of society in a
just way in the future—we have a hundred years of evidence for what
happens when social outcomes are attributed to genetic differences,
and it is always to stigmatize, control, and punish the people
predicted to have socially devalued traits.” Darity, the economist,
told me that he doesn’t see how Harden can insist that differences
within groups are genetic but that differences between them are not:
“It’s a feint and a dodge for her to say, ‘Well, I’m only
looking at variations across individuals.’ ”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">There is a good
precedent for this kind of concern. In “Blueprint,” Robert Plomin
wrote that polygenic scores should be understood as “fortune
tellers” that can “foretell our futures from birth.” Jared
Taylor, a white-supremacist leader, argued that Plomin’s book
should “destroy the basis for the entire egalitarian enterprise of
the last 60 or so years.” He seized on Plomin’s claim that, for
many outcomes, “environmental levers for change are not within our
grasp.” Taylor wrote, “This is a devastating finding for the
armies of academics and uplift artists who think every difference in
outcome is society’s fault.” He continued, “And, although
Blueprint includes nothing about race, the implications for ‘racial
justice’ are just as colossal.” Harden has been merciless in her
response to behavior geneticists whose disciplinary salesmanship—and
perhaps worse—inadvertently indulges the extreme right. In her own
review of Plomin’s book, she wrote, “Insisting that DNA matters
is scientifically accurate; insisting that it is the only thing that
matters is scientifically outlandish.” (Plomin told me that
Harden misrepresented his intent. He added, “Good luck to Paige in
convincing people who are engaged in the culture wars about this
middle path she’s suggesting. . . . My view is it isn’t worth
confronting people and arguing with them.”)</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">With the first
review of Harden’s book, these dynamics played out on cue. Razib
Khan, a conservative science blogger identified with the “human
biodiversity” movement, wrote that he admired her presentation of
the science but was put off by the book’s politics; though he notes
that a colleague of his once heard Harden described as “Charles
Murray in a skirt,” he clearly thinks the honorific was misplaced.
“Alas, if you do not come to this work with Harden’s commitment
to social justice, much of the non-scientific content will strike you
as misguided, gratuitous and at times even unfair.” This did not
prevent some on the Twitter left from expressing immediate disgust.
Kevin Bird, who describes himself in his Twitter bio as a “radical
scientist,” tweeted, “Personally, I wouldn’t be very happy if a
race science guy thought my book was good.” Harden sighed when she
recounted the exchange: “It’s always from both flanks. It felt
like another miniature version of Harris on one side and Darity on
the other.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The day after
Harden’s brother returned to Memphis, she and I went for a walk
around the campus of Montana State University. We wandered into the
Museum of the Rockies, which has a world-class collection of dinosaur
fossils, and she remarked that the experience would have been more
fun with her children. I asked if her work had given her any special
insights into the challenges of parenting, and she laughed and threw
up her hands, joking that the only established public roles for
psychology professors were either as center-right pundits or as
dispensers of child-rearing advice. She told me, “As a parent, I
try to keep in mind that differences between people are examples of
runaway feedback loops of gene-by-environment interaction. People
have some initial genetic predisposition to something, and that leads
them to choose certain friends over other friends, and these initial
exposures have a certain effect, and you like that effect and you
choose it again, and then these feedback loops become
self-reinforcing.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Behavior geneticists
frequently quote an old disciplinary chestnut about how first-time
parents are naïve behaviorists and that a second child turns them
into convinced geneticists. In one chapter of her book, Harden
mentions that her son struggles with a speech impairment. “Looking
at how my children differ in their ability to articulate words, I can
easily see the capricious hand of nature,” she writes. “When it
comes to inheriting whatever combination of genetic variants allows
one to pronounce a word like ‘squirrel’ by the age of three, my
daughter was lucky. My son was not.” She emphasizes that parents
are already well aware of how we might talk about genetics without
making normative judgments. “I certainly am not implying that one
of my children is ‘superior’ or ‘inferior’ to the other one,”
she writes. “Verbal ability is valued, but having strong verbal
ability doesn’t make one of my children more valuable to me. The
genetic differences between them are meaningful for their lives, but
those differences do not create a hierarchy of intrinsic worth.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The ultimate claim
of “The Genetic Lottery” is an extraordinarily ambitious act of
moral entrepreneurialism. Harden argues that an appreciation of the
role of simple genetic luck—alongside all the other arbitrary
lotteries of birth—will make us, as a society, more inclined to
ensure that everyone has the opportunity to enjoy lives of dignity
and comfort. She writes, “I think we must dismantle the false
distinction between ‘inequalities that society is responsible for
addressing’ and ‘inequalities that are caused by differences in
biology.’ ” She cites research showing that most people are much
more willing to support redistributive policies if differences in
opportunity are seen as arbitrarily unfair—and deeply pervasive.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">As she put it to me
in an e-mail, “Even if we eliminated all inequalities in
educational outcomes between sexes, all inequalities by family
socioeconomic status, all inequalities between different schools
(which as you know are very confounded with inequalities by race),
we’ve only eliminated a bit more than a quarter of the inequalities
in educational outcomes.” She directed me to a comprehensive World
Bank data set, released in 2020, which showed that seventy-two per
cent of inequality at the primary-school level in the U.S. is within
demographic groups rather than between them. “Common intuitions
about the scale of inequality in our society, and our imaginations
about how much progress we would make if we eliminated the visible
inequalities by race and class, are profoundly wrong,” she wrote.
“The science confronts us with a form of inequality that would
otherwise be easy to ignore.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The perspective of
“gene blindness,” she believes, “perpetuates the myth that
those of us who have ‘succeeded’ in twenty-first century
capitalism have done so primarily because of our own hard work and
effort, and not because we happened to be the beneficiaries of
accidents of birth—both environmental and genetic.” She invokes
the writing of the philosophers John Rawls and Elizabeth Anderson to
argue that we need to reject “the idea that America is or could
ever be the sort of ‘meritocracy’ where social goods are divided
up according to what people deserve.” Her rhetoric is grand, though
the practical implications, insofar as she discusses them, are not
far removed from the mid-century social-democratic consensus—the
priorities of, say, Hubert Humphrey. If genes play a significant role
in educational attainment, then perhaps we ought to design our
society such that you don’t need a college degree to secure health
care.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">In my conversations
with her colleagues, Harden’s overarching idea was almost
universally described as both beautiful and hopelessly quixotic. As
one philosopher put it, “What I love about Paige, and also what I
find so incredibly moving and courageous and reckless about her, is
that she thinks she can change the whole apparatus—this large-scale
framework for moral responsibility—on the basis of our
understanding of our genes. I’m not sure genetics has the capacity
to shift our intuitions, at least on the left—because of course the
right already cares about genes. In principle, the left could try to
take genes as a starting point, too, but in practice it’s probably
a different story. It’s really awful to think about, but I think
the fact that she’s an attractive and charismatic Southern woman
seems not irrelevant to her desirability as a culture-war ally for
the right.” James Tabery, a philosopher at the University of Utah,
believes that underscoring genetic difference is just as likely to
increase inequality as to reduce it. “It’s truly noble for Paige
to make the case for why we might think of biological differences as
similar to socially constructed differences, but you’re bumping
into a great deal of historical, economic, political, and
philosophical momentum—and it’s dangerous, no matter how noble
her intentions are, because once the ideas are out there they’re
going to get digested the way they’re going to get digested,” he
said. “The playing board has been set for some time.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">In Bozeman, Harden
seemed anxious that she had not heard from Turkheimer about her book.
It took him a long time to get around to reading it, he told me, in
part because of the ways their ideas have diverged in recent years,
but when he finally did he wrote her an e-mail that said, “I really
do think the book is great—in fact I think it will be instantly
recognized as the most important book about behavior genetics that
has ever been written. You should get ready to be very famous.” He
told me, “I’m really proud of Paige. She’s amazing. And it’s,
well, an interesting experience to have a student that gets this
successful based in part on disagreeing with you.” He still looked
askance at gwas. “I think that Paige’s dilemma—and I don’t
mean this in a bad way, because she takes the problem very
seriously—is in that balance that everyone has to seek. If you’re
me, who thinks that it’s all just correlation, then you’re the
‘gloomy prospect’ guy and everybody thinks you’re a wet
blanket. And if you think, ‘Wow, the whole world turned out to be
genetic,’ then you’re Charles Murray, and in between you have to
walk this very careful path. You have to believe in a certain amount
of genetic causation or you don’t have a science, and you can’t
believe in too much genetic causation or you believe that poor people
are poor because they have poor genes—and that’s a very, very
delicate walk.”</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Harden’s political
optimism is tempered by a serene personal realism. At the end of our
walk, she admitted that it wasn’t always easy to reconcile herself
with whatever it was that behavior geneticists’ results were
telling us. “Take the heritability of an outcome like divorce—it’s
totally wild, because there’s a whole other person there!” Plenty
of twin research suggests a meaningful, if puzzling, genetic
correlation with divorce. Harden’s parents are divorced, as is she.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">“I use this
example of my sunglasses,” she said. She removed her Ray-Bans and
took out her phone to show me a photograph of two previous pairs,
both of which had lost the same lens. “I think of the heritability
of life events as the repeatability of things that seem
serendipitous. I’m clumsy in ways that persist over time, I have
certain tastes that persist over time, and I guess I think of the
heritability of divorce in the same way. My subjective experience of
my sunglasses being broken is that you have good intentions and life
goes awry—it’s easy to interpret these things as events that
happen to you. But, on the other hand, I bring all sorts of things
that make these experiences repeatable in ways that are extremely
difficult to describe. It’s obviously difficult to do exact science
on the ways I repeatedly break my Ray-Bans, just like it’s
difficult or impossible to explain marital status on a molecular
level.” She picked her sunglasses up off the table and put them
back on. “But I do think that in the end you end up becoming
yourself.” ♦</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p><br /><p></p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-85652494740292391502021-11-21T08:59:00.000-08:002021-11-21T08:59:09.237-08:00Republicans ~~ Sewer Rats or saboteurs: $35 billion in Reagan SSI cuts over 5 years 1981<p> <span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18.75px;">For the record ...</span><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px;">Source: AFL-CIO</span></p><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Here is the report People’s World published in 2006:</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1935: Almost all Republicans in Congress oppose the creation of Social Security.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1939: 75 percent of Republicans in Senate try to kill legislation providing Social Security benefits to dependents and survivors as well as retired workers.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1950: 79 percent of House and 89 percent of Senate Republicans vote against disability insurance to defeat it.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1956: 86 percent of Republicans in Senate oppose disability insurance; program approved nonetheless.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1964: Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater and future president Ronald Reagan both suggest that Social Security be made voluntary.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1965: 93 percent of Republicans in House and 62 percent in Senate vote to kill Medicare.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1977: 58 percent of Senate votes against amendment to provide semiannual increases.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1977: 88 percent of Republicans in House and 63 percent in Senate vote against an increase in Social Security payroll tax needed to keep the system solvent.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1981: President Reagan proposes $35 billion in Social Security cuts over the next 5 years. The cuts would have included the elimination of student benefits, lump-sum death benefits, and a retroactive elimination of the $122 minimum benefit for three million recipients. (Congress ultimately enacted $24 billion of the proposed cuts.)</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1981: Reagan administration begins a wholesale review of the Social Security Disability rolls, resulting in over 560,000 eligibility investigations in 1982 — 360,000 more than the year before. Ultimately, at least 106,000 families were removed from the rolls.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">In 1981, Reagan ordered the Social Security Administration (SSA) to tighten up enforcement of the Disability Amendments Act of 1980, which resulted in more than a million disability beneficiaries having their benefits stopped.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1981: 99 percent of Republicans in House and 98 percent in Senate vote for legislation containing $22 billion in Social Security and Medicare cuts.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1981: Reagan administration proposes a three-month delay in 1982 cost-of-living increases.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1981: Reagan administration proposes $200 billion in Social Security cuts between 1982 and 1990. The cuts include a reduction in early retirement benefit; tightened disability eligibility standards; delay in the 1982 cost-of-living adjustment and a 10 percent eventual reduction in benefits for all new retirees. (The U.S. Senate repudiated the President’s proposals by a vote of 96 to 0.)</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1982: President Reagan and Senate Republicans propose $40 billion in benefit cuts over three fiscal years.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1985: Reagan administration backs attempts by Republican Senate leadership to eliminate the</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1986 Social Security COLA. Vice President Bush casts the tie-breaking vote to eliminate COLA. (House defeats it – it was never enacted.)</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1990s: Bush efforts to end Social Security took the form of appealing to younger workers to put “their” Social Security insurance payments into the stock market.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">2005: A Labor-led fight against privatization saved Social Security for the time being.</div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">2006: President George W. Bush, once again, includes privatization of Social Security in his 2007 budget.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Source: AFL-CIO</div></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-86913411180951432432021-11-09T15:47:00.000-08:002021-11-09T15:47:19.849-08:00THE MAN WHO MADE JANUARY 6 POSSIBLE ~~~ Jonathan D. Karl<p> </p><div class="ArticleLayoutComponent_title__3nN5M" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 18px;"><h1 class="ArticleTitle_root__1SxDD ArticleTitle_featureOrTwoCol__2vWY5" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 44px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 48px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;">THE MAN WHO MADE JANUARY 6 POSSIBLE</h1></div><div class="ArticleLayoutComponent_dek__2oWzP" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 18px;"><p class="ArticleDek_root__1_tnX ArticleDek_twoCol__2Cvyn" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex-basis: 100%; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center;">The story of Johnny McEntee—the “deputy president” who rose to power at precisely the moment when democracy was falling apart</p></div><div class="ArticleLayoutComponent_byline__3QnyW ArticleLayoutComponent_twoColByline__2ON_r" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 112px; text-align: center;"><div class="ArticleBylines_root__NaEL5" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 32px;"><address id="byline" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: normal;">By <a class="ArticleBylines_link__3bVCl" data-action="click author - byline" data-label="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/jonathan-d-karl/" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/jonathan-d-karl/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">Jonathan D. Karl</a></address><address id="byline" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: normal;"><br /></address><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vjBR6l2D4-c/YYsFWzdaHJI/AAAAAAAACsE/k54_WbAPU2ceKC7qhSdHUDYKSVAPMJ03ACLcBGAsYHQ/s778/JANUARY%2B6-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="622" height="335" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vjBR6l2D4-c/YYsFWzdaHJI/AAAAAAAACsE/k54_WbAPU2ceKC7qhSdHUDYKSVAPMJ03ACLcBGAsYHQ/w300-h335/JANUARY%2B6-1.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><address id="byline" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: normal;"><span class="AboutTheAuthors_label__2SWZW" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">About the author: </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><a class="author-link" data-action="click author - name" data-label="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/jonathan-d-karl/" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/jonathan-d-karl/" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.99em; text-decoration-line: none;">Jonathan D. Karl</a> is the chief Washington correspondent for ABC News. The author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/books/betrayal-the-final-act-of-the-trump-show/9780593186329" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.99em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: normal;">Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show.</span></a><br /></span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"><br />I</span><span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-size: 22px; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: left; text-transform: lowercase;">n late october 2020,</span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;">Donald Trump’s chief of staff, Mark Meadows, was attending the confirmation hearing for Amy Coney Barrett when his cellphone rang. He answered with a whisper and walked out to the hallway to take the call. What was so urgent as to pull the chief of staff out of a</span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/10/amy-coney-barrett-supreme-court-gop/616727/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-size: 22px; text-align: left; text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;">Supreme Court confirmation hearing</a><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;">just two weeks before a presidential election?<br /></span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"><br />On the line was Andrew Hughes, the top staffer at the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Meadows had asked him to call because it had been brought to Meadows’s attention that a young assistant at HUD had been caught consorting with the enemy.<br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rkOOrEXdMOo/YYsH8H4LXdI/AAAAAAAACsc/XHm9bEnuimIm9XGbXyc-k8Lb0r6iBewRwCLcBGAsYHQ/s453/JANUARY%2B6-2%2Bcover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rkOOrEXdMOo/YYsH8H4LXdI/AAAAAAAACsc/XHm9bEnuimIm9XGbXyc-k8Lb0r6iBewRwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/JANUARY%2B6-2%2Bcover.jpg" width="212" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"><br />She had liked an Instagram post from the pop star Taylor Swift. </span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;">The</span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CGDjbq-jhtK/?hl=en" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-size: 22px; text-align: left; text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;">first photo in the post</a><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;">was of Swift with the word</span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"> </span><span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-size: 22px; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: left; text-transform: lowercase;">vote</span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-size: 22px; text-align: left;">superimposed on it in large blue letters. But a swipe revealed a second photo, of Swift carrying a tray of cookies emblazoned with the Biden-Harris campaign logo. “We really can’t have our people liking posts promoting Joe Biden,” Meadows told Hughes.</span></div></address></div></div><div class="ArticleInlineImageFigure_root__GE0ZY ArticleInlineImageFigure_alignLeft__3Zz0u" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin: 50px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; width: 665px;"><figure class="ArticleInlineImageFigure_figure__1dCVd" style="--imagewidth: 300px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 30px 20px 0px; max-width: 300px; width: 300px;"><picture class="ArticleInlineImageFigure_picture__2IguK" style="background-color: #c0ccda; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 452.997px; position: relative; width: 300px;"><img alt="Betrayal by Jonathan Karl" class="Image_root__J8Wlz Image_lazy__1w_jB Image_loaded__3uNg2 ArticleInlineImageFigure_image__3Z6hd" height="453" loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/ilwkZ54iS4pTDXfE9-xsqA8qJBE=/300x453/media/img/posts/2021/11/Betrayal_Jonathan_Karl/original.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/ilwkZ54iS4pTDXfE9-xsqA8qJBE=/300x453/media/img/posts/2021/11/Betrayal_Jonathan_Karl/original.jpg, https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/wsh285Db3it96_55BKLRMaujzDI=/600x906/media/img/posts/2021/11/Betrayal_Jonathan_Karl/original.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-style: none none solid; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; left: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; width: 300px;" width="300" /></picture><figcaption class="ArticleInlineImageFigure_caption__1H3dt ArticleInlineImageFigure_alignLeft__3Zz0u" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: clamp(100% - 48px,100vw - 84px,var(--imageWidth)); padding: 6px 0px;">This post is adapted from Karl’s <a href="https://bookshop.org/books/betrayal-the-final-act-of-the-trump-show/9780593186329" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;">forthcoming book.</a></figcaption></figure></div><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Never mind that nearly 3 million other people had liked the post or that the young woman was a Taylor Swift fan who liked just about everything Swift had ever posted. To the enforcers of Trumpian loyalty, this was a sign of treachery in the ranks.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Those enforcers—including the eagle-eyed official who had first spotted the offending “like”—worked for the Presidential Personnel Office, a normally under-the-radar group responsible for the hiring and firing of the roughly 4,000 political appointees in the executive branch. During the final year of the Trump administration, that office was transformed into an internal police force, obsessively monitoring administration officials for any sign of dissent, purging those who were deemed insufficiently devoted to Trump and frightening others into silence. (Many sources for this story asked to remain anonymous so they could talk about sensitive personnel issues.) Some Trump aides privately compared the PPO to the East German Stasi or even the Gestapo—always on the lookout for traitors within.</p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">The office was run by Johnny McEntee. Just 29 when he got the job, he’d come up as Trump’s body guy—the kid who carried the candidate’s bags. One of Trump’s most high-profile Cabinet secretaries described him to me as “a fucking idiot.” But in 2020, his power was undeniable. Trump knew he was the one person willing to do anything Trump wanted. As another senior official told me, “He became the deputy president.”</span></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">McEntee and his enforcers made the disastrous last weeks of the Trump presidency possible. They backed the president’s manic drive to overturn the election, and helped set the stage for the <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;">January 6 assault on the Capitol</a>. Thanks to them, in the end, the elusive “adults in the room”—those who might have been willing to confront the president or try to control his most destructive tendencies—were silenced or gone. But McEntee was there—bossing around Cabinet secretaries, decapitating the civilian leadership at the Pentagon, and forcing officials high and low to state their allegiance to Trump.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">When Trump wasn’t happy with the answers he was getting from White House Counsel Pat Cipollone, McEntee set up a rogue legal team. This back-channel operation played a previously unknown role in the effort to pressure Vice President Mike Pence to overturn the vote. Just days before January 6, McEntee sent Pence’s office an absurd memo making the case that Pence would be following Thomas Jefferson’s example if he used his power to declare Trump the winner of the 2020 election.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">More than anyone else in the White House, McEntee was Trump’s man through and through—a man who rose to power at precisely the moment when American democracy was falling apart.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08 ArticleParagraph_dropcap__3I841" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">I <span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: lowercase;">first met johnny </span>McEntee when I visited Trump Tower in 2015, not long after Trump announced he was running for president. McEntee was polite, earnest, and eager to please. He identified himself as Trump’s “trip director” and gave me a tour of the campaign headquarters. (He declined to comment for this story.)</p><div class="ArticleRelatedContentModule_root__1MN9q" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div class="ArticleRelatedContentModule_notchedModule__EW8zS" style="box-sizing: inherit; float: right; margin: 0px -156px 24px 32px; min-height: 450px; width: 312px;"><section class="ArticleRelatedContentList_root__3X5xb" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><h2 class="ArticleRelatedContentList_heading__1ehAy" style="border-bottom: 0.25px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Atlantic Serif", Atlantic, Bodoni, Times, serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.0625; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; text-transform: uppercase;">RECOMMENDED READING</h2><ul class="ArticleRelatedContentList_list__1sKXb" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; 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font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 0.06em; line-height: 14px; text-transform: uppercase;"><a data-action="click link - recommended reading - author 2" data-label="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/john-mcwhorter/" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/john-mcwhorter/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">JOHN MCWHORTER</span></a></address></div></div></li><li class="ArticleRelatedContentList_listItem__VqE3T" style="border-bottom: none; border-top: 0.25px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); box-sizing: inherit; padding-left: 0.95em; position: relative;"><gpt-ad class="GptAd_root__nza6l s-native s-native--short-title s-native--standard s-native--small s-native--streamline ad-called ad-loaded ad-loaded--native" data-google-query-id="CMevzJ-KjPQCFQr9hwodE18EoA" format="native" id="gpt-unit-13" lazy-load="3" sizes-at-0="native" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; 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font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 6px 0px 8px;"><a href="https://adclick.g.doubleclick.net/pcs/click%3Fxai%3DAKAOjssoVW7a74zFQNqI6uW8uVVHhIcHBUNQSyREoXgHe3uYLGjlem0VJMSc7orNXaXXFvyU19p-UGd8xTXQsTj8KpR0C_9958bOfR0v3t_LyVcZTLEPWq7YD34iWseJ-fWedl4DltVvqveKGMLFpxc6Gxaq2ZPjdVrFq3ey83uQ_TCo9V49ONsGddaYaKy64yBVA2eU3c3THtC0KNfU81e_Ug6FdAeU8wfN_LbT0uqGgomTPwZHHxKmmvrQiMkJNAYCfHnCQBjTdj_vEmw5N39DD6QN23MTEl59mjkwmSHhvxDjUbmbZYQ8SXnOmA3Cnudrvdn5JdnD0c1pgTo3aNObXz24hYwQXkQ%26sig%3DCg0ArKJSzGH_gwigAcWsEAE%26fbs_aeid%3D%5Bgw_fbsaeid%5D%26urlfix%3D1%26adurl%3Dhttps://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/trackclk/N1230844.3078081THEATLANTIC/B25479756.314013356;dc_trk_aid=506676026;dc_trk_cid=157905052;dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=;tfua=;ltd=" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">A Main Street with Small Businesses You’ll Love</a></h2><div class="na-c-native__advertiser" style="align-items: center; box-sizing: inherit; color: #655ade; display: flex; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.25px; text-transform: uppercase;">FACEBOOK</div></div></div></div></gpt-ad></li></ul></section></div></div><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">McEntee was one of the first full-time staffers on the campaign, and he went everywhere Trump went. When Trump became president, McEntee had a workspace outside the Oval Office—right against the curved wall. The boss liked having McEntee around. A former quarterback for the University of Connecticut, he was good-looking and tall—but not too tall, about an inch shorter than Trump. During the first 14 months of the Trump presidency, McEntee did what he had done during the campaign: He carried Trump’s bags.</p><p class="ArticleRelatedContentLink_root__1Ukm-" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217="150191" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217="100" data-view-action="view link - injected link - item 1" id="injected-recirculation-link-0" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 40px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/voter-fraud/617354/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">Adam Serwer: If you didn’t vote for Trump, your vote is fraudulent</a></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">In March 2018, it looked for a moment like his Washington career was over. He was fired by then–Chief of Staff John Kelly after a long-delayed FBI background check revealed that he had deposited suspiciously large sums of money into his bank account. It turned out that the money was from gambling winnings. After Kelly himself was fired, McEntee returned to his old spot outside the Oval. It was January 2020, and he wouldn’t be just a body guy for long.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">In mid-February, Trump called his acting chief of staff, Mick Mulvaney, to a meeting. Ominous signs of the coming pandemic were beginning to emerge. Hundreds of Americans who had been evacuated from Wuhan, China, were in quarantine on military bases. The World Health Organization had just reported a frightening new development—a small number of COVID-19 cases in people who had never traveled to China. But the subject of the meeting wasn’t the virus. It was staffing. Trump, newly acquitted in his first Senate impeachment trial, was looking to make some changes.</p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">“I want to put Johnny in charge of personnel,” the president told Mulvaney.</span></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">The director of presidential personnel is responsible for vetting and hiring everybody, including ambassadors, Cabinet secretaries, and top intelligence officials. McEntee had never hired anybody for anything. Now he was going to be in charge of perhaps the most important human-resources department in the world?</p><section class="ArticleBooksModule_root__9l2w9" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div class="ArticleBooksModule_inset__L_D7g" style="box-sizing: inherit; float: right; margin: 52px -165px 52px 52px; min-height: 237px; width: 330px;"><div class="ArticleBooksModule_book__1GhCj" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217="205640" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217="100" data-view-action="view link - inline affiliate promo" data-view-label="Betrayal" style="border-top: 0.25px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; padding: 28px 0px;"><picture class="ArticleBooksModule_picture__2s_NU" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 120px; margin-right: 20px;"><img alt="" class="Image_root__J8Wlz Image_lazy__1w_jB Image_loaded__3uNg2 ArticleBooksModule_image__3NquJ" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/sHxh8XqigufGgh6x7qedWm8o4Js=/0x0:331x500/79x120/media/img/book_reviews/2021/11/08/51y3spy1VWL._SL500_/original.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/sHxh8XqigufGgh6x7qedWm8o4Js=/0x0:331x500/79x120/media/img/book_reviews/2021/11/08/51y3spy1VWL._SL500_/original.jpg, https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/1AAUBB9FVbM6b7UzU6aumljKNm0=/0x0:331x500/158x240/media/img/book_reviews/2021/11/08/51y3spy1VWL._SL500_/original.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: none; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; width: auto;" width="79" /></picture><div class="" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="ArticleBooksModule_textWrapper__3pOm6" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 14px;"><span class="ArticleBooksModule_title__1UWrA" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 218.949px;">Betrayal</span><span class="ArticleBooksModule_creator__GakGH" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 14px; text-transform: uppercase; width: 218.949px;">JONATHAN KARL,</span><span class="ArticleBooksModule_publisher__13Yz1" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #5e6a74; display: inline-block; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 14px; text-transform: uppercase; width: 218.949px;">DUTTON</span></div><div class="ArticleBooksDropdown_root__2Z_qT ArticleBooksDropdown_menuContainer__25VQw" style="box-sizing: inherit; position: relative;"><button aria-controls="expanded-buy-books-menu-0" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Open Buy Book Menu" class="ArticleBooksDropdown_button__Z8COE ArticleBooksDropdown_insetOrMobileButton__I7Azk" data-action="click expand - inline affiliate promo - 1" data-label="Betrayal" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border-radius: 4px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0.25px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; height: 40px; letter-spacing: 0.75px; line-height: 14px; margin: 20px 0px 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; width: 124px;">BUY BOOK</button></div></div></div><div class="ArticleBooksModule_disclosure__i9r5R" style="border-top: 0.25px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); box-sizing: inherit; color: #5e6a74; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 16px;">When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Atlantic</i>.</div></div></section><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Mulvaney called his top deputy, Emma Doyle, who oversaw the current director of personnel, into the meeting. “Mr. President,” she said, “I have never said no to anything you’ve asked me to do, but I am asking you to please reconsider this. I don’t think it is a good idea.”</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Doyle had spent a lot of time around the president, but she had never seen him as angry as he was about to become.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">“You people never fucking listen to me!” Trump screamed. “You’re going to fucking do what I tell you to do.”</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">A few hours later, Doyle was on Air Force One, along with McEntee, en route to a Trump rally in New Hampshire. She asked him about his interest in the position.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">“People have been telling me I should do that for a long time,” McEntee told her. “I didn’t feel ready before, but I am 29 now and I’m ready.” He added, “I’m the only person around here that’s just here for the president.”</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08 ArticleParagraph_dropcap__3I841" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">M<span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: lowercase;">centee told the president</span> exactly what he wanted to hear: that his political problems were caused by people who pretended to support him but were really against him, the secret Never Trumpers right there in his administration. It was time to root out the “deep state.”</p><p><br /></p><p class="ArticleRelatedContentLink_root__1Ukm-" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217="234593" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217="100" data-view-action="view link - injected link - item 2" id="injected-recirculation-link-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 40px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/trumpist-state/616550/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">Franklin Foer: L’etat c’est Trump</a></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">McEntee began scouring federal agencies for people who didn’t support all things Trump. Beginning in June 2020—in the middle of both the pandemic and the presidential campaign—the personnel office informed virtually every senior official across the federal government, regardless of how long they had worked in the administration, that they would need to sit down for a job interview.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">A president has a right to expect that his political appointees support his policies and will work to carry them out. These are, after all, political appointees. But most of the people McEntee’s team questioned were already devoted to Trump; they were still putting their reputations on the line to work for him three and a half years into his administration. But that wasn’t enough for the loyalty enforcers.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">McEntee’s underlings were, for the most part, comically inexperienced. He had staffed his office with very young Trump activists. He had hired his friends, and he had hired young women—as one senior official in the West Wing put it to me, “the most beautiful 21-year-old girls you could find, and guys who would be absolutely no threat to Johnny in going after those girls.”</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l3N9usZk6zM/YYsGH_O5HZI/AAAAAAAACsM/5NeOkC5jWbUl7kgZz83Dj-TZoT-WJRbBgCLcBGAsYHQ/s750/JANUARY%2B6-3%2Bgroup%2Bpic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="750" height="395" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l3N9usZk6zM/YYsGH_O5HZI/AAAAAAAACsM/5NeOkC5jWbUl7kgZz83Dj-TZoT-WJRbBgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h395/JANUARY%2B6-3%2Bgroup%2Bpic.png" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 14px;">White House photo</span><br /><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">“It was the Rockettes and the Dungeons & Dragons group,” the official said.</span></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">In fact, one McEntee hire was literally a Rockette; she had performed with Radio City Music Hall’s finest in the 2019 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade. The only work experience listed on her résumé besides a White House internship was a stint as a dance instructor. McEntee also hired Instagram influencers. Camryn Kinsey, for example, was 20 and still in college when McEntee gave her the title of external-relations director. In an interview with the online publication <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Conservateur</em>, she said, “Only in Trump’s America could I go from working in a gym to working in the White House, because that’s the American dream.” (Kinsey went on to work at the pro-Trump One American News Network.)</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">The interviews with McEntee’s team usually lasted about an hour. They included questions such as “Do you support the policies of the Trump administration and, if so, which ones?” That question was asked of Makan Delrahim, the head of the Department of Justice’s antitrust division. As the person carrying out the president’s antitrust policies, he found the question strange.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Officials at the Environmental Protection Agency and HUD were asked, “Do you support the president’s plan to withdraw all U.S. troops from Afghanistan?” It was a bizarre question, given that neither official had anything remotely to do with Afghanistan policy.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">The DOJ spokesperson Kerri Kupec was asked, “What are your political inclinations?” A little amused, she responded, “Are you asking if I am Republican?”</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">McEntee’s enforcers scoured the social-media accounts and voting records of officials high and low. An office assistant at the DOJ was asked to explain why she had voted in a local Democratic primary a few years earlier. She explained that her parents had told her that’s where her vote would count most, because the Democratic primary winner was all but certain to win the general election. Nonetheless, after the interview, she was denied a promotion and raise that she had been eligible to receive.</p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">M</span><span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-size: 22px; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: lowercase;">centee took a particular interest </span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">in one job category: White House liaisons to Cabinet agencies. Traditionally, the liaison job is a mid-level position, responsible for coordinating messages between the agencies and the White House. But McEntee didn’t want messengers. McEntee wanted people who would boss around the senior officials and report back to him.</span></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">In early November 2020, he installed a conservative activist named Heidi Stirrup as liaison at the DOJ. Stirrup was primarily known as an anti-abortion activist who had worked as a mid-level staffer for Republicans in Congress. She had no legal experience, but she was intensely loyal to Trump—and to McEntee. Her car was easy to spot in the DOJ parking lot; it was covered with Trump bumper stickers—unusual at a department where even the most political of political appointees try to appear to be above the fray.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">A few days after the election, in her first full day in the office, she went in to meet a senior official on Attorney General Bill Barr’s team. It didn’t go well. “You need to wake up to the fact this election is being stolen!” she screamed. “It needs to be stopped!” (<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Atlantic</em> was not able to reach Stirrup for comment.)</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Barr’s team saw Stirrup as more than just annoying; they worried she would snoop into DOJ investigations. This would have been highly unethical—the White House is not supposed to interfere in criminal cases.</p><p class="ArticleRelatedContentLink_root__1Ukm-" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217="323840" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217="100" data-view-action="view link - injected link - item 3" id="injected-recirculation-link-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 40px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/06/william-barrs-trump-administration-attorney-general/619298/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">Jonathan D. Karl: Inside William Barr’s breakup with Trump</a></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">The next time Stirrup came around to berate the senior official, he asked her if she would like to deliver her message directly to the attorney general, and with that he brought her in to see Barr. Most people find Barr intimidating, but not Heidi Stirrup. “The election is being stolen,” she lectured him. “You need better people doing these investigations.” And she told him she had a list of people, presumably provided by McEntee, whom he needed to hire.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Barr later told me he’d never seen this kind of behavior. By the end of the week, he had ordered her banned from the DOJ building. Her pass was deactivated, and security was instructed not to let her in.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08 ArticleParagraph_dropcap__3I841" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">A<span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: lowercase;">similar run-in</span> between a White House liaison and senior leadership had taken place at the Department of Homeland Security a few months earlier. McEntee had installed Josh Whitehouse, a 25-year-old Trump supporter from New Hampshire, at DHS, and Whitehouse immediately started throwing his weight around, often threatening to fire people (though he had no direct authority to do so).</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Two people who worked with Whitehouse on the second floor of DHS headquarters told me his mood swings were so wild that they worried he could get violent. He was overheard screaming things into the phone such as, “If they don’t do this, I will literally go to their house and burn it down.” (Whitehouse said the quote sounded “exaggerated” and he didn’t think he had said it.) As one DHS official told me, “I was legitimately worried he was going to come and kill us.” When I asked Whitehouse about this comment, he told me, “They need help.” He added: “I can’t imagine anybody should be afraid of another person working there if they are in it for the right reasons and aligned with the agenda.”</p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">In mid-August 2020, Whitehouse had a loud confrontation with Acting DHS Secretary Chad F. Wolf in front of several witnesses. It happened after Miles Taylor, a former chief of staff at DHS, wrote an op-ed in</span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">The Washington Post</em><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;"> </span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">criticizing Trump. Taylor wrote that “the country is less secure as a direct result of the president’s actions” and that he would be crossing party lines to vote for Joe Biden.</span></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">There are plaques in the office that include the names of all the past secretaries of Homeland Security and their chiefs of staff, each engraved on a metal plate. After the op-ed, Whitehouse set out to remove Taylor’s name. He was in the process of unscrewing the plate when Wolf walked by.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">“What are you doing?” Wolf asked him.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">“I am removing the name of this traitor,” Whitehouse answered.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">“Stop. That doesn’t belong to you. It doesn’t belong to me. And we don’t erase history here at the Department of Homeland Security.”</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Whitehouse erupted at the Cabinet secretary: “Miles Taylor is a traitor! This just shows you don’t really support President Trump!”</p><gpt-ad class="GptAd_root__nza6l ArticleInjector_root__8EeBf s-native s-native--standard s-native--streamline ad-called ad-loaded ad-loaded--standard" data-google-query-id="CIbvl5mLjPQCFdfXhwodiBcAdQ" format="injector" id="gpt-unit-10" sizes-at-0="mobile-wide,native,house" sizes-at-976="desktop-wide,native,house" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; font-family: Graphik, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.25; margin-bottom: 30px; padding: 10px 0px 30px;" tabindex="-1" targeting-pos="csi-ad-10"></gpt-ad><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">By the fall, Whitehouse would be reassigned to a more important job: White House liaison at the Pentagon. When the move was announced, he told people, “I’m going to the Pentagon to fire [Defense Secretary Mark] Esper and those deep-state bastards!”</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">But before he left, he had one piece of unfinished business. At a moment when he saw that Secretary Wolf was out of the building, Whitehouse once again went over to the list of names. He removed Miles Taylor’s plate and flipped it over so the metal face was blank, before screwing it back into the wall.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08 ArticleParagraph_dropcap__3I841" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">I<span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: lowercase;">n october 2020</span>, Whitehouse helped the Presidential Personnel Office write a series of memos identifying nearly two dozen Pentagon officials they thought should be fired, each outlining transgressions allegedly made against Trump.</p><p class="ArticleRelatedContentLink_root__1Ukm-" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217="349715" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217="100" data-view-action="view link - injected link - item 4" id="injected-recirculation-link-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 40px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/11/military-officers-trump/598360/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">Read: Top military officers unload on Trump</a></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">The memo on Esper, never before made public, provides remarkable insight into the degree to which McEntee’s team was calling the shots. It includes bullet points outlining Esper’s sins: He “bars the display of the Confederate flag” on military bases; “opposed the President’s direction to utilize American forces to put down riots”; “focused the Department on Russia”; was “actively pushing for ‘diversity and inclusion’”; and so on. The memo recommended that Esper be fired immediately after the election and replaced by Christopher Miller, then the director of the National Counterterrorism Center.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iYFab6VwykI/YYsG6lxp26I/AAAAAAAACsU/gKmPiVrE01YXQUUT3fQDEzhygDnLaoqfQCLcBGAsYHQ/s750/JANUARY%2B6-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="750" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iYFab6VwykI/YYsG6lxp26I/AAAAAAAACsU/gKmPiVrE01YXQUUT3fQDEzhygDnLaoqfQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h400/JANUARY%2B6-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">Trump followed the script. Six days after the election, Esper was fired and replaced by Miller. McEntee also selected Miller’s senior adviser, Douglas Macgregor, a retired Army colonel and regular guest on Tucker Carlson’s show. As</span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">Axios</em><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px;">’s Jonathan Swan first reported, McEntee gave Macgregor a handwritten to-do list for the new team at the Pentagon:</span></p><div class="ArticleLegacyHtml_root__3ONhH ArticleLegacyHtml_standard__1jFeZ" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; margin-bottom: 40px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><blockquote class="" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(211, 220, 230); box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 24px; margin-top: 40px; padding-left: 48px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">1. Get us out of Afghanistan.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">2. Get us out of Iraq and Syria.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">3. Complete the withdrawal from Germany.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">4. Get us out of Africa.</cite></p></blockquote></div><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">“This is what the president wants you to do,” McEntee told him.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08 ArticleParagraph_dropcap__3I841" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">O<span class="smallcaps" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: "c2sc"; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; text-transform: lowercase;">nce he had cleaned up</span> the Pentagon, McEntee turned his attention to the election, and the president’s efforts to overturn the results. He began providing legal advice. When White House Counsel Cipollone told Trump that Pence did not have the power to overturn the election, McEntee drafted his own constitutional analysis, with an assist from his own rogue legal advisers, directly contradicting Cipollone and every other serious expert in the country.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">McEntee sent the memo via text message on January 1 to Pence’s chief of staff. Here it is, in its entirety:</p><div class="ArticleLegacyHtml_root__3ONhH ArticleLegacyHtml_standard__1jFeZ" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; margin-bottom: 40px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><blockquote class="" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(211, 220, 230); box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 24px; margin-top: 40px; padding-left: 48px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">Jefferson Used His Position as VP to Win</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· The Constitution sets precise requirements for the form in which the states are to submit their electoral votes.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· In 1801, the ballots of all states were in perfect conformity except Georgia’s.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· Georgia’s submission dramatically failed to conform to the requirements.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· VP Jefferson presided over the counting of the ballots even as he was one of the candidates.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· Had the defective ballots been rejected, Jefferson would have most likely lost the election.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· Senate tellers told Jefferson in a loud voice that there was a problem with the Georgia ballots.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· Rather than investigating, Jefferson ignored the problems and announced himself the winner.</cite></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit;"><cite style="box-sizing: inherit;">· This proves that the VP has, at a minimum, a substantial discretion to address issues with the electoral process.</cite></p></blockquote></div><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">McEntee was no constitutional scholar and no historian. His bullet-point description was, not surprisingly, deeply flawed. Jefferson didn’t discard electoral votes, as Trump wanted Pence to do. He accepted electoral votes from a state that nobody had questioned he had won.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">But the facts didn’t matter to McEntee. By distorting what happened in 1801, McEntee could turn up the pressure on Pence. Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence and one of those guys on Mount Rushmore. If it was okay for him to use his power as vice president to get himself elected president, how could it not be okay for Pence to use his power to reelect Trump now?</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Trump may have embraced his body guy’s theory, but Pence didn’t. He refused to single-handedly overturn the election, preventing an even bigger disaster from taking place on January 6.</p><p class="ArticleRelatedContentLink_root__1Ukm-" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217="9429304" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217="100" data-view-action="view link - injected link - item 5" id="injected-recirculation-link-4" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 40px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/10/donald-trumps-new-lost-cause-centers-january-6/620407/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">David A. Graham: The new lost cause</a></p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">Since Trump left the White House, McEntee has kept a low profile. But he remains in close contact with Trump, and over the summer spent time at his club in Bedminster, New Jersey, volunteering for his political operation, according to a Trump spokesperson.</p><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">People close to Trump say there is no doubt he is going to run for president again <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/10/trump-running-president-2024-election/620502/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;">in 2024</a>. I am not convinced he will run, but if he does, he will be the clear favorite to win the Republican nomination. The idea of him getting elected again, although highly unlikely, no longer seems impossible. If that happens, McEntee will probably play a key role right from the start. As one of Trump’s more levelheaded senior aides told me, “I shudder to think what the Cabinet would look like in a second term.” Johnny McEntee, I expect, is already working on his list of names.</p><hr class="ArticleLegacyHtml_root__3ONhH ArticleLegacyHtml_standard__1jFeZ" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 0.25px 0px 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; height: 0px; margin: 48px auto; max-width: 665px; overflow: visible; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;" /><p class="ArticleParagraph_root__2QM08" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><small style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.833em;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">This article has been adapted from Jonathan Karl’s forthcoming book, </em><a href="https://bookshop.org/books/betrayal-the-final-act-of-the-trump-show/9780593186329" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;">Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show.</a></small></p><section class="ArticleBooksModule_root__9l2w9" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif; font-size: 22px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 665px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="ArticleBooksModule_book__1GhCj" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-31117857_217="9430201" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-31117857_217="1" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-31117857_217="100" data-view-action="view link - end of article affiliate promo" data-view-label="Betrayal" style="border-top: 0.25px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; padding: 28px 0px;"><div class="ArticleBooksModule_fullWidthWrapper__35i0j" style="align-items: center; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; width: 665px;"><div class="ArticleBooksModule_fullWidthTextWrapper__et_NR" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-right: 30px;"><span class="ArticleBooksModule_title__1UWrA" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 226.648px;">Betrayal</span><span class="ArticleBooksModule_creator__GakGH ArticleBooksModule_fullWidthCreator__IjF-W" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 14px; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%;">JONATHAN KARL, </span><span class="ArticleBooksModule_publisher__13Yz1 ArticleBooksModule_fullWidthPublisher__2-IJW" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #5e6a74; display: inline; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 14px; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%;">DUTTON</span></div><div class="ArticleBooksDropdown_root__2Z_qT ArticleBooksDropdown_menuContainer__25VQw" style="box-sizing: inherit; position: relative;"><button aria-controls="expanded-buy-books-menu-0" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Open Buy Book Menu" class="ArticleBooksDropdown_button__Z8COE ArticleBooksDropdown_fullWidthButton__3TiXo" data-action="click expand - end of article affiliate promo - 1" data-label="Betrayal" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border-radius: 4px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0.25px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: Goldwyn, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; height: 40px; letter-spacing: 0.75px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; width: 124px;">BUY BOOK</button></div></div></div></div></section>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-66101355395970602272021-10-20T15:59:00.001-07:002021-10-20T15:59:41.615-07:00RED LOBSTER’S CHEESE BISCUIT (IN A LOAF)<p><br /></p><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">RED LOBSTER’S CHEESE BISCUIT (IN A LOAF)</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Ingredients</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">3 cups flour</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1 tbsp. baking powder</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1 tsp. salt</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1/4 tsp. cayenne pepper</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1/8 tsp. black pepper</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">4 ounces cheddar cheese, cut into 1/4 inch cubes</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1 1/4 cups milk</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">3/4 cup sour cream</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">3 tbsp. butter, melted</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">1 egg, lightly beaten</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Itn_1HEY6vI/YXCfE-TnlBI/AAAAAAAACr0/bo2lF53N2RIdb2zkvAFI654-yiUW651iACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/RED%2BLOBSTER%25E2%2580%2599S%2BCHEESE%2BBISCUIT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="640" height="273" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Itn_1HEY6vI/YXCfE-TnlBI/AAAAAAAACr0/bo2lF53N2RIdb2zkvAFI654-yiUW651iACLcBGAsYHQ/w431-h273/RED%2BLOBSTER%25E2%2580%2599S%2BCHEESE%2BBISCUIT.jpg" width="431" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Directions</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Pre-heat oven to 350 degrees. Grease a 9×5 loaf pan with oil. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">In a bowl, whisk together the first 5 ingredients. Carefully stir in cheese cubes until covered in flour mixture, this will help prevent your cheese sinking to the bottom of your loaf of bread. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">In a different bowl, whisk together the remaining ingredients. Fold the wet mixture into the flour and cheese mixture, stir until just combined, do not over stir. Spread the mixture into the loaf pan. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Bake for 45-50 minutes. Let cool 10 minutes and then remove from pan. Allow to cool for one hour before slicing and serving.</div></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-78016403255653752682021-07-03T17:14:00.002-07:002021-07-03T17:14:27.212-07:00AMISH ONION FRITTERS<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jAiu8mLvYo4/YOD9AMsi4SI/AAAAAAAACq0/H_90e27HGxAI1gwc_HMZw0w4Tt5-28W8gCLcBGAsYHQ/s768/Amish-Onion-Fritters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="768" height="269" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jAiu8mLvYo4/YOD9AMsi4SI/AAAAAAAACq0/H_90e27HGxAI1gwc_HMZw0w4Tt5-28W8gCLcBGAsYHQ/w512-h269/Amish-Onion-Fritters.jpg" width="512" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">These are delicious onion fritters that I have made many times! This batter would also be great for onion rings! It’s so light and crisp!</p><p class="p2" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></b></p><p class="p2" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></b></p><p class="p2" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ingredients</b></p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3/4 c flour</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1 Tbsp sugar</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1 Tbsp cornmeal</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2 tsp baking powder</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1-2 tsp salt-according to taste</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3/4 c milk</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2 1/2 c chopped onions</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">oil for frying</p><p class="p2" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Directions</b></p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Mix together dry ingredients.</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. add milk and stir.</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. batter will be thick.</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. add onions and mix thoroughly.</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. heat 1/2 inch oil in a skillet over medium-high heat.</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. drop batter by tablespoons in hot oil, flatten slightly, brown on both sides until nice and crisp.</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7. drain on paper towels.</p><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 20px; max-width: 662px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8. serve warm.</p><p><br /></p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-25402214885605747362021-05-29T16:13:00.002-07:002021-05-29T16:13:24.361-07:00<p> <strong style="background-color: #fff8e8; font-family: "Book Antiqua"; text-align: center;"><b> Georgia and The Georgia People 1736 - 1860-draft</b></strong></p><div align="CENTER"><table align="center" bgcolor="#fff8e8" bordercolor="#000000" bordercolordark="#000000" bordercolorlight="#000000" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="25" class="auto-style1" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 5px; width: 1066px;"><tbody><tr style="font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><td align="LEFT" bgcolor="#fff8e8" valign="TOP" width="48%"><p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><strong>Early Settlers in Georgia<br />The Story of Georgia and The Georgia People 1736 - 1860<br />by George Gillman Smith, D.D.<br />Originally Published c. 1901</strong></p><p align="center"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /></span>[These are excerpts from the book transcribed by K. Torp, ©2007]<br /><i>[Added by transcriber: The following individuals (referred to as "malcontents" by the author)<br />signed a declaration c. 1740, complaining to the English government about the conditions in the colony:]</i> pg. 17-18</p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-small;">John Amory, Ben Adams, Thos. Andrews, Thos. Atwill, Thomas Antrobus, James Anderson, Hugh Anderson, John Brownfield, John Burton, Chas. Brittain, Jas. Burnside, F. Brooks, M. Bright, R. Bradley, M. Burkhalter, J. Blands, W. Barbo, P. Balliol, E. Bush, G. Bean, G. Bunch, P. Butler, T. Baillie, A. Bell, H. Buckley, L. Brown, W. Blecheman, A. Ban, T. Becher, W. Calvert, W. Carter, T. Cross, W. Cothred, J. Clark, J. Cundale, Wm. Cooksey, Jno. Jacob Curl, A. Camuse, T. Clyatt, John Carneck, J. Cuthbert, J. Coln, John Clark, J. Dormer, J. Desborough, R. Davis, T. Delegal, Andrew Duchie, Thomas Dawson, J. Dodds, D. Douglas, J. Duddery, D. Douglas, S. Davidson, W. Davy, J. Dean, P. Delegal, E. Davidson, C. Dasher, W. Elbert, Thomas Edgerton, John Evans, W. Ewen, T. Ellis, P. Emery, W. Evans, H. Frazer, J. Fitzwalter. H. Fletcher, W. Francis, John Fallowfield, W. Fox, E. Foster, T. Frazer, J. Foulds, R. Gilbert, P. Gordon, Pat. Grahame, John Grahame, D. Grendee, W. Greenfield, C. Greenfield, W. Grechson, J, Hetreman, Jas. Galloway, Jas. Gould, G. Herbougl, A. Glenn, Thos. Gaulet, Jas. Houston, M. German, Geo. Gorland, T. Hetherington, Jno. Gould, H. Green, J. Harboughs, C. Grunaldi, A. Grant, Jas. Jeansack, John Goldwire, R. Howes, Peter Jouberts, S. Holmes, J. Haselfoot, Ed. Jenkins, John Kelly, Wm. Kennedy, L. Lacy, R. Lobb, J. Cannon, P. Cantey, M. Lowley, H. Lloyd, L. Lyon, J. Loudry, Thomas Lee, S. Mercer, S. Marrauld, S. Montford, F. Mellichamp, J. McDonald, P. McKay, B. McIntosh, J. McIntosh, B. McKay, J. Muse, A. McBride, J. Miller, T. Neale, T. Ormston, C. Arlman, K. O. Brien, H. Parker, Wm. Parker, T. Morris, Sam'l Parker, J. Prestwood, Jno. Pye, R. Parker, J. Penrose, W. Pendicke, J. Papot, J. Pemberton, J. Perkins, G. Phillip, S. Rienwell, R. Rogers, Jno. Robe, Geo. Rush, J. Rae, A. Rose, J. Roberson, A. Rantowle, J. Watson, W. Rigdon, Hugh Ross, A. Reynolds, J. M. Rizer, L. Stamon, W. Starflichts, J. Stanley, D. Stewart, J. Smith, A. Simes, L. Sumners, J. Smith, J. Sellie, L. Salter, J. Scott, J. Smalley, D. Snook, G. Stephens, D. Snook, J. Spielberger, Jno. Spencer, G. Stephens, J. Smithers, John Scott, Jas. Springer, W. Stenhouse, J. Smalley, Jno. Scott, J. Mackfield, L. Sparnell, W. Speeling, R. Williams, Peter Ector, E. Townsend, Geo. Tyrrell, S. Tarrian, J. Truan, T. Tripp, T. Tibbetts, P. Tailfer, A. Taylor, T. Upton, J. Williams, J. Watts, S. Ward, Geo. Waterman, J. Wilson, W. Williamson, W. Wood, J. White, T. Wattle, A. Walker, W. Woodruff, T. Webb, W. Wardrop, J. Warwick, Isaac Young, John Young, Thos. Young</span></p><p align="justify">These composed a very large part of the freeholders of the colony and were from all the settled parts of it. This list of names is specially valuable, as it gives us a knowledge of some of the first settlers.<br /><br />Avocations of some of the first people:<br />Patrick Graham was apothecary to the trustees<br />J. Fitzwalter, gardener<br />J. Carwells, jailer<br />T. Upton, commands a garrison of five men<br />Giles Beca, a baker<br />Thomas Egerton, grandson of wheelright<br />A. Camuse, silk man<br />John Burton, town officer<br />James Pavey, in pay at August<br />R. Hankes, town officer<br />Thomas Bayley, smith<br />George Johnson, sawyer<br />S. Parker, son-in-law of Mercer<br />William Stephens, secretary of colony<br />H. Parker, magistrate<br />T. Jones, magistrate, overseer, storekeeper<br />Samuel Mercer, constable<br />James Campbell, jailer<br />James Rae, scout, boatman<br />Noble Jones, commands a garrison<br />Thomas Young, wheelright<br />Thomas Ellis, surveyor</p><p align="center"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Scotch Settlement</span></b></p><p align="justify">pg. 21<br />The sturdy Scotch Highlanders had little sympathy with the House of Hanover, and finding life hard among the wild hills of their native land were easily persuaded by Captain Mackay to come to the new colony of Georgia, which was pictured to them in the glowing language of the times as a land where all that man wanted could be had for the asking. Mr. John More McIntosh, a Scotch laird, the head of his clan, consented to lead the colony, and one hundred and thirty of them, with fifty women, took shipping from Inverness for Georgia. They reached Savannah in due time and then went in flat-bottomed boats to find their new home sixteen miles from Frederica, on the Altamaha.<br /><br />Calling their town New Inverness, they established their settlement, built their huts and were just getting settled when the war with Spain began.<br /><br />Mr. McLeod was their minister, and he had established the first Presbyterian kirk in Georgia, and he tells of how the sad failure of their hopes led the poorer Highlanders all to enlist in General Oglethorpe's army. By a night attack at St. Augustine over half of these brave Scotchmen were massacred by the Spaniards. They had not had an easy life in the Highlands, but their life in Georgia had been far harder, and so after this massacre many of the poorer members of the colony went elsewhere. Mr. John More McIntosh and his immediate family remained, and as he was a man of substance and kept the storehouse of the colony and traded with the Indians, he was well-to-do.<br /><br />The settlers were in the main very poor peasants, only seventeen, according to General Oglethorpe's Letters, being able to pay their way across the sea. Some of the immigrants were, however, men of property and lairds of the clans from which most of the immigrants were recruited by Captain Mackay, and while many of the poorer members of the colony became dissatisfied with New Inverness and joined the malcontents, these leading families sided with Mr. Oglethorpe's adherents and signed a document in which they indorsed him and his measures. This list is the only one of these first settlers I have been able to secure. These were John Mackintosh Moore, John Mackintosh, Roland McDonald, John McDonald, John MacLean, John McIntosh, John McIntosh Bain, James Mackay, Daniel Clark, Alex Clark, I. Burgess, D. Clark, Jr., A. McBain, Wm. Munroe, John Cuthbert. These are all the names of the first immigrants I have been able to recover. These were Scotch without an admixture and most of them traders. At a later period there are found some English names among them.<br /><br />The remnant of the Highland company, who were discharged after the Spanish war ended, did not return to Darien but distributed themselves over the lower part of the colony. Some of them settled in St. John's parish and some of them in what are now Camden, Glynn and McIntosh counties.<br /><br />The removal of the restriction to the use of negroes led to the opening by the wealthier part of the settlers of rice plantations, and when the first assembly was called in 1750 John More McIntosh was a member from this section. In 1775 among those who sympathized with the revolutionists there were Lachlan McIntosh, Richard Cooper, George Threadcraft, Seth McCullough, Charles McDonald, Isaac Hall, John McIntosh, Thos. King, Raymond Demere, John Roland, Giles More, P. Shuttleworth, Joseph Slade, Samuel McClellan, Isaac Newsome, A. D. Cuthbert, John Witherspoon, John Hall, John Fulton, John McCullough, Samuel Fulton, Peter Sallen, Isaac Cuthbert, James Clark, M. McCullough, Wm. McCullough, B. Shuttleworth, John McClelland.<br /><br />Some of these first comers engaged in Indian trade and had their warehouses and trading-post in Florida, and their summer homes on the islands. Some of the descendants of these immigrants fixed their homes in Savannah and engaged in mercantile pursuits.....<br />.......<br />As we shall see in a future chapter, there was another body of Scotch Highlanders who came to Georgia at a later time, who came through North Carolina.</p><p align="center"><b>The German Settlement</b></p><p align="justify">pg. 23-26<br />The Germans who came with Mr. Oglethorpe on his first coming to the colony chose in their location a section of land in what is now Effingham county, and established a village which was called Ebenezer. The glowing description of Mr. Van Reck, who was deputed to select the spot for their home, is so extravagant that one acquainted with the country finds it hard to understand how the good man could have seen so much and have been so deluded, and it was as disappointing to the honest Germans who settled it as it has been to the modern observer.<br />The Salzburghers were a body of Austrian Protestants who had been exiled from the native hills and found a temporary refuge in Germany , and from thence a body of seventy-eight came to Dover, in England, from which place, at the expense of the society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, they were transported free of charge to Georgia. They had with them their two pastors, Bolzius and Gronau. Their commissary, Van Reck, went with Oglethorpe into the wilderness to find a home for them. It was in early March when the pine woods were in their fairest garb.<br /><br />Finding a spot in the wilderness of what he thought was matchless loveliness, he decided that was the place in which the weary exiles could find rest. "It was," he said, "between two rivers which fell into the Savannah, a little rivulet with crystal water glided by the town, the woods are open, the air balmy, there are wide meadows, there is the cedar, the walnut, the pine, the cypress, the oak, the myrtle and the sassafras, the ground is fertile, and the woods full of game." This was the land the German dreamer found, but when the settlement was made it was found to be a barren waste, and after two years of effort to make it productive they found it would be necessary to remove to another spot. They found that nearer the river and settled the New Ebenezer. They were a very thrifty people and secured help not only from the trustees, but from their kinspeople and sympathizers across the seas, and in a few years they were in very comfortable circumstances. Their history was written some years ago by Mr. Strobel, the pastor of Ebenezer, and is a very full and satisfactory account of them. These German immigrants were connected with the great Lutheran body, and they brought into Georgia and planted in its forests a German village.<br /><br />They soon had a school and a home for widows or orphans, and away from the temptations of city life they developed a model community. Mr. Strobel has given the following list of persons who belonged to the community in 1741:</p><p align="left">Messrs. Bolzius, Gronau, Rieser, Laub, Grewandel, Mamer,<br />Kaigler, Zittreur, Runter, Rottenberger, Zubli, Ortman,<br />Kulcher, Ramer, Reidelsparger, Moller, Hertzog, Hessler,<br />Pletter, Sigismund, Hernberger, Bruckner, Ott, Zettler,<br />Tribner, Eischberger, Arnsdorf, Ruter, Brandner, Lumber<br />ger, Lackner, Steiner, Schwarzer, Schmidt, Crause, Gruber,<br />Schutner, Lietner, Corberger, Grimmuger, Bergshammer,<br />Landseller, Ernst (Ernest), Rieser, Pickler, Spurlbergen,<br />Niedlinger, Helfenstein, Rabenhorst, Lembke, Muhlenberg,<br />Wertch, Muller, Treutlen, Floerl, Wiesenbaker, Schubtrien,<br />Kramer, Goldwire, Kraus, Beddenbach, Waldhauer, Pauler,<br />Rahn, Helme, Remshart, Grau, Heil, Buchler, Hanleiter,<br />Bollinger, McCay, Zimmerbuer, Oechele (Exley), Kimberger,<br />Winkler, Witman, Dasher, Schrampa, Schwenger, Mohr,<br />Liemberger, Buntz, Micheal, Beckley, Hausler, Gugel,<br />Schremph, De Rosche, Moeler, Deppe, Metzger, Seckinger,<br />Mack, Schneider, Schuele, Helfenstein, Freyermouth, Keifer,<br />Tarringer, Pfluger, Meyer, Ditters, Rentz, Bergman.</p><p align="justify">Those who examine this list will find names which have since been Anglicized and slightly changed, but they will find many unchanged which are still borne by Georgians. No people have been more noted for industry, probity and intelligence. The little hamlet they founded, and which for so many years was the center of so much of interest to the Salzburghers, has long since ceased to be anything like even a village, but the church still stands and many of the descendants of these German refugees are still living. While the Pilgrim Fathers, who were a smaller number than these Salzburghers, have a high place in American history, this noble band of Austrian refugees has been almost lost to sight by the historian. They came to Georgia from their native Tyrol because of their devotion to Christian principle, and wherever their descendants are found the spirit which belonged to their fathers is manifested in them.<br /><br />This people resided in what was afterward the upper part of St. Matthew's parish. They had been accustomed to farmers' work in their native land and to live in a simple, frugal way, and receiving help both from the trustees and from their German coreligionists across the seas, they had prospered from the first, and in 1754 their part of the colony received an accession by the coming of a body of German Lutherans, not Salzburghers, who were brought into the colony by Captain De Brahm and settled at a place five miles north of Ebenezer. This colony increased very rapidly, and according to Jones, the 150 were multiplied tenfold in a little over a twelvemonth. This must, however, be a mistake, as it is not all probably that fifteen hundred Germans came at that time. They settled a village called Bethany in what is now Screven county, and De Brahm says there were 320 Germans who came....</p><p align="CENTER"><b>Augusta</b></p><p align="justify">p. 28-29<br />Before Mr. Oglethorpe came to Georgia there was trading-post near what is now Hamburg, S.C., on the South Carolina side of the river called Fort Moore, and Mr. Oglethorpe dedicated to build a fort on the Georgia side and garrison it. This he did, and in honor of the Princess Augusta it was called by her name. In the pamphlet to which we have referred, by Wm. Stephens, there is the following list of Indian traders who had headquarters at Augusta. The names given are:<br /><br />Wood, Brown, Clark, Knott, Spencer, Barnett, Ladson, Mackey, Elsey, Facy, McQueen, Wright, Gardner, Andrews, Duvall, Cammell Randel, Chauncey, Newberry.<br /><br />There were beside these traders, living near the fort, Kennedy O'Brien, Frazer, Miller, Brown, a saddler, a tailor, William Clark, H. Overstreet, L. Bean, William Grey, William Calahan, McGilveray, Casson, Gilmore, Goodale, Ross, Galphin.<br /><br />On the east side of the Savannah, in South Carolina, where negroes were allowed, there were numbers of plantations opened, and the corn consumed by the large number of horses needed in the trade with the Indians was produced there.<br /><br />These indian traders sent out their men to the towns of the Chickasaws, Uchees, Creeks and Cherokees, and in the spring season great crowds of Indians came with their ponies loaded with peltry to trade at the post for powder and lead, and especially for rum. There was a mean rum known as tafia which was the main article of traffic. It was brought by Indian traders from the coast and traded for all kinds of products and for Indian slaves. These slaves, taken by their enemies in war, were brought to Augusta and sold and carried to Charleston and shipped to the West Indies. The traders were oftentimes wretchedly dissolute. They lived shameless lives with the squaws, and when they grew weary of them went from them with out hesitation....</p><p align="CENTER"><b>1754-1775</b></p><p align="justify">pg. 44-45<br />In Plymouth, England, in the heat of the persecution of the Puritans by Archbishop Laud about 1630, a colony of Church of England people, weary of biships and of liturgies, resolved to emigrate to then just settled New England. This they did and fixed their home at Dorchester, Mass. They accepted the Congregational form of government they found there, and became a Congregational church, with a Calvinistic confession. Fifty years after this they found themselves cramped for land, and as South Carolina had been settled largely by those who sympathized with their religious and political views, they secured a large grant of of land on the Ashley river and planted a colony there, which they called Dorchester also. Here they planted rice and became large slaveholders.<br /><br />They received an addition to their number from Virginia. The rice country about them was not sufficient for their needs, and as soon as Georgia allowed the planters to bring slaves into the colony they sent over some of their congregation to survey the land. There were some extensive swamps between Savannah and Darien, in what is now known as the swamp land of Liberty county. They were admirably adapted to the growth of rice, but, save to a rice planter accustomed to malarial swamps, certainly uninviting. The Dorchester people succeeded in getting grants from the colonial government which covered over thirty thousand acres of this fertile country. They did not at once remove, but, remaining a part of the year in South Carolina, they came to Georgia after their crop was made and opened land and built shelters until they were ready to change their habitations.<br /><br />These immigrants fixed their homes on the edge of the swamps, building their humble cabins in the very center of the malarious district. The heavy timber was cleared away, the swamps were ditched and the dams made, and they moved their families and the cultivation of rice began. The only tool used in culture after the land was cleared, says Colonel Jones, was the hoe, and the rice was brought from the field on the head of the negroes and cleaned from the husks with pestle and mortar. Corn was ground in hand-mills. The market was Savannah, to which the rough rice was shipped by coasting schooners. The colony prospered and was soon quite populous. We give here a list of persons who received grants of five hundred acres:<br /><br />John Davis, John Maxwell, James Maxwell, William Maxwell, John Stevens, Benjamin Baker, John Lupton, Rev. Mr. Osgood; Samuel Stephens, Sarah Norman, Daniel Slade, Edward Sumner, Andrew Way, Richard Spencer, William Brumley, Sarah Osgood, Rich Giraudeau, Joseph Bacon, Jonathan Bacon, John Norman, Sarah Mitchell, John Edwards, John Ellrod, John Way, William Graves, James Norman, John Stewart, Samuel James, Robert Glass, Robert Eccles, John Quarterman, David Ross, William Lupton, Richard Baker, John Stevens, Joseph Oswald, Jacob Weston, Joshua Clarke, A. Gleve, William Mackay, David Fox, Willoughby West, Palmer Gaulding, William Russell, Parmenus Way, Jacob Riden, Benjamin Andrew, and James Andrew.<br /><br />It was decided by them to establish a market town nearer to the colony than Savannah, and in 1758 the town of Sunbury, on the western bank of Medway river, was laid out. Colonel Jones, who gives a history of the dead towns of Georgia, gives not only a plot of the young city but a list of the lot-holders, which is interesting as showing who resided in this county at that time. They were:<br /><br />Mark Carr, Grey Elliott, Francis Arthur, William Graves, John Cubbege, James Maxwell, Mary Spivey, Samuel Bennerworth, Stephen Dickerson, James Fisher, Schmidt & Molich, Swin ton & Co., Darling & Munro, Thomas Peacock, A. Darling, Thomas Young, Roger Kelsal, John James, John Bacon, John Stewart, John Lupton, Dunbar, Young & Co., James Dunham, Lyman Hall, Samuel Miller, Kenneth Bailey, Samuel Benniworth, William Stevenson, Tabitha Bacon, John Winn, David Jerray, Francis Arthur, John Steward, John Lawson, Thomas Ralph, John Quarterman, Thomas Goldsmith, James Houston, Ivan Stevens, William Baker, Elijah Simmons, Robert Bolton, John Humphrey, Francis Guilland, Henry Saltus, Donald McKay, Stephen Dickenson, James Hurley, Francis Lee, John Quarterman, James Dowell, John Irvine, Jemima Irvine, Math Smallwood, William Peacock, John Osgood, Rebecca Way, Hugh Clark, Paris Way, Nath Yates, William Dunham, Charles West, Samuel West, Thomas Carter, Audley Maxwell, John Graves, John Baker, James Fisher, Jno. Elliot, Jno. Lyman, John Sutherland, Sam Jeanes, Joseph Tichenor, William Mullen, William Davis, James Sergeant, John Jones, Strong Ashmore, F. Arthur, George Morris, Joshua Snowden, James Andrew, Samuel Morcock, George Bodington, Mary Bateman, Patrick McKay, Benjamin Andrew, Marmaduke Gerry, John Winn, Richard Mills, James Hatcher, John Perkins, William Low, Barnard Romans, Ed Mahone, R. Spencer, John Mitchell, Morgan Tabb, Joseph Watcher, Jno. Gasper Stirkey, John Jones, Joseph Richardson, Robert Smallwood, John Futes, Arthur Carney, Isaac Linder, Fredcrick Holsendorf.<br /><br />The first thing these good people did after fixing their homes was to build them a log church in the midst of their plantations. This church was succeeded by a better one, which was burned during the Revolution, and that by a still better one. For many years the Midway church with its chapels, first at Sunbury, then at Walthourville, commanded the best talent of the Presbyterian Church, and the congregation was large, wealthy, and intelligent, but after the last war reluctantly the church was given up by the whites and is now occupied by the negroes.<br /><br />The Rev. Mr. Osgood, for whom Bishop James Osgood Andrew was named, was the pastor they brought with them from South Carolina. Like his parishioners, he was a planter and a man evidently of some estate. He was virtually a Presbyterian, and after Mr. McLeod, who only remained a little while in Georgia, was the first Presbyterian minister who had a charge in Georgia; for while Midway was a Congregational church during almost its entire history, the pastoral office was filled by Presbyterian ministers, with whom the Congregationalists of an early day in America were always in accord....<br /></p><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span>Money</span><br /><br /></div>Sola Bills. – Very little actual money was brought to Georgia by the first settlers. What little trade they had was carried on chiefly by the primitive method of barter. But the increase of population, the widening of the settled area, made a larger volume of circulating medium a necessity. The trustees sent over all the English coin they could, and to further supply the deficit they issued their warrants or due bills upon the treasure, which passed current as money. These were called sola bills, and at one time constituted practically all the currency of the colony.</div><div>Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form Transcribed by Kristen Bisanz<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span>Sunbury</span><br /><br /></div>Sunbury, one of the early settlements of Georgia, was located on a bluff on the south side of the Medway river, not far from the present village of Octagon. The site was first observed by Oglethorpe, while on one of his exploring expeditions in January, 1734, but the place was not settled until 1758. On Oct. 4, 1757, Mark Carr was granted 500 acres of land, including the bluff, and in the following June he transferred 300 acres to James Maxwell, Kenneth Baillie, John Elliott and John Stevens, as trustees, to lay out the town. Its growth was rapid and in 1760 it was made a port of entry. A fort was built for the protection of the people (See Fort Morris) and its prominence continued until after the Revolution, when its trade was gradually diverted to Savannah and it sank into insignificance. A few families now live where this historic town once stood.<br />Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form Transcribed by Kristen Bisanz<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span>Slavery</span><br /><br /></div>Slavery.-On Jan. 9, 1734, the trustees of the colony passed "An Act for rendering the colony of Georgia more Defencible by Prohibiting the Importation and use of Black Slaves or Negroes into the same." By the provisions of this act if, after June 24, 1735, any person or persons should be found guilty of importing, or causing to be imported, any negro, such person or persons should forfeit £50 for every such negro or black so imported or brought into the colony. It was also provided that all blacks or negroes found within the colony after the prescribed date, should be seized and taken as the property of the trustees, to be sold or exported as the common council might direct.<br />The reasons for this action were explained to be: First, the Spanish colony of Florida on the south might persuade the slaves to leave their masters or join in an insurrection against the authority of the whites; Second, the time consumed by the master in keeping his slaves at work could be more profitably employed in doing the work himself; Third, in case of war the slaves, having no interests at stake, could not be relied on for the defence of the colony. The act had no sooner taken effect than a petition for its repeal was forwarded to the trustees. It was not granted, however, and when, in 1738, poor crops, Causton's defalcation and other causes brought hard times to the people of Georgia, a second petition was presented. This effort was opposed by the Highlanders, who had settled at New Inverness, on the grounds that the introduction of slavery would increase the friction with the Spaniards and expose their settlement to greater danger. On Dec. 6, 1748, Whitefield wrote: "Georgia never can or will be a flourishing province without negroes are allowed.” Such eminent authority as this encouraged the advocates of slavery and on Jan. 10, 1749, a third petition, more insistent than either of the others, was sent to the trustees. This time the trustees asked the opinions of the representative men of the colony and, the majority expressing themselves in favor of the repeal, the question was presented to the king in council, with the result that late in the year the restrictions were removed. The introduction of negroes soon followed and the policy of slavery was continued until it was abolished after the Confederate war.<br />Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form Transcribed by Kristen Bisanz<br /><br />Thirteenth Amendment.-The first step toward the abolition of slavery was the president's emancipation proclamation, which became effective on Jan. 1, 1863, but no legislative sanction was offered to that proclamation until during the first session of the 38th Congress. On March 28, 1864, there was introduced in the senate of the United States a joint resolution, relative to a constitutional amendment forever prohibiting slavery. After considerable discussion it was adopted and sent to the house, where it was rejected in June following. In January, 1865, it was again brought up in the house and finally passed by a vote of 119 to 56. The proposed amendment was formally submitted to the legislatures of the states on February 1st. It was ratified by the Georgia assembly on Dec. 9, 1865, and on the 18th it was proclaimed part of the Federal constitution by the secretary of state.<br />Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form Transcribed by Kristen Bisanz<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span>Salzburgers</span><br /><br /></div>Salzburgers – Among the early settlers of Georgia were some people belonging to a religious sect called Salzburgers. They were descended from the Waldeneses, (or Vallenses) who opposed some of the tenets and practices of the Roman Catholic church long before the time of Luther. The early part of the eighteenth century found a number of them gathered at Salzburg, in the eastern district of Bavaria, when they derived the name. Here they were persecuted by direction of Leopold, archbishop of Salzburg, and from 1729 to 1732 about 300,000 of them were exiled. Some of these wanderers found their way to Great Britain and in December, 1732, the trustees of Georgia colony offered to give homes in America to such as would go there. About fifty families accepted this overture, but it was not until Dec. 28, 1733, that they sailed from Dover. After a stop in Charleston, where they were met by General Oglethorpe, they proceeded to Savannah, arriving there on March 11, 1734. With them came their minister, John Martin Bolzius, and their catechist, Israel Christian Gronau. They wanted to settle somewhere on high ground, some distance from the sea, and finally selected the site of Ebenezer. (q. v.) Others came later and, notwithstanding sickness and the hardships incident to a new county, through all of which they exhibited great patience and fortitude, the settlement became in time one of the most prosperous in Georgia, owing to the thrift and industry of the inhabitants. Descendants of these early Salzburgers are still to be found in the South.<br />Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form Transcribed by Kristen Bisanz<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span><br />Sherrill's Fort.</span><br /><br /></div>Sherrill's Fort.-In 1751 a number of Quaker families made a settlement about seven miles west of Augusta, at a place afterward known as Quaker Springs. The hostility of the Indians soon compelled them to abandon their farms. Subsequently they returned and in January, 1774, under the leadership of one Sherrill, were engaged in erecting a fort for their protection, when a party of Creek Indians, led on by the chief Big Elk, made a descent upon the settlement. At the time there were five white men, three negro men and twelve women and children in the fort. Sherrill and two others fell at the first fire. The remainder retreated to the houses, where they were encouraged by one of the negroes to put up a defense. The Indians fired the fort and the houses but the flames were extinguished without doing much damage. A small party coming to the relief of the fort were discovered and pursued by the savages and this gave the inmates of the houses an opportunity to seek safer quarters, but not until seven had been killed and five wounded. Captain Barnard collected about forty men and went in pursuit of Big Elk. Attacking the Indians from the rear he drove them into a swamp, where the pursuit was abandoned.<br />Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form Transcribed by Kristen Bisanz<br /></div></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#fff8e8"><p align="CENTER"><a href="http://genealogytrails.com/geo/index.html" target="_blank"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="" border="0" height="52" src="http://genealogytrails.com/geo/_borders/orangelogobutton.gif" width="100" /></a><br /><br />© Genealogy Trails</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-86171799752254360702021-02-13T22:30:00.000-08:002021-02-13T22:30:02.624-08:00All Radio All the time Everywhere <p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>http://radio.garden/listen/knkx-fm-88-5/Y2LXezzY</p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-15399360603719379612021-01-04T01:23:00.000-08:002021-01-04T01:23:08.027-08:00EASTERN AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITIES by Robert K. Thomas <p> </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">EASTERN
AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITIES</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">by
Robert K. Thomas Monteith College</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wayne
State University Detroit, Michigan 1948,</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><br />
<br />
</p>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">William
H. Gilbert, Jr. wrote an article called, "Surviving Indian
Groups of Eastern United States."1 In this article he 'examined
nearly all of the states east of the Mississippi, excluding Michigan
and Wisconsin but including Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Missouri
and looked at the various Native American communities there. He
listed each Indian group, did a1population estimate and gave a
partial sketch of the community in terms of economy, acculturation,
language and so forth. This was the first time that such research had
been attempted and it gave us the first overview of the Indian groups
of eastern United States. He came out with a total population
estimate of somewhere between 75,000 to 100,000. This study was quite
a revelation as these Indians had been hiding</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">-den
for many years; not only hidden but neglected. Most Indian groups
I'''. in the eastern United States, are not well known outside of
their local areas and they have tended not to be among the more
"colorful" peoples zr) that American anthropologists
studied. Most research on American 149 (1 1 54 AA, Indians has been
done id the western United States, since these are the groups which
tend to display more aboriginal traits than do those in the eastern
part of the country. Although Gilbert's research was a revelation, it
did not lead to further solid research. Unfortunately his paper,
written in 1948, is still the best done in this area. In recent years
a few other scholars have looked at these modern Indians in the east,
but by and large such scholars have been sociologists looking at
population statistics or else interested in caste phenomenon in
the southern</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">part
of the United States. Rice</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">,Italy</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">Stuyvesant</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
Stanley of the Smithsonian have tried to bring Gilbert's research up
to date. 2 </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Later
in this paper I want to include their chart, which lists these groups
cronologically by state so that the reader can get a notion of the
names of these communities, where they are located and what
population they have. One of the problems of native American
communities in the eastern United States is the lack of solid
information. For instance, in Sturtevant and Stanley's chart some of
the names assigned to these groups appear to be names which their
local neighbors call them. Some of these names may be in fact
pejorative and may not be accepted by the people so named. .No one
has talked to the people in these communities to find_out what, if
anything, they call themsetves, or what their own name for themselves
is. If some of these names are insulting to the people involved our
only excuse is, once again, the lack of any solid research in many of
these communities. Social and Cultural Origins To understand the
present situation of eastern Indian communities one can start by
looking at the social and cultural origins of these groups; the
formation of these groups and what used to be referred to in
anthropology as their "acculturation";* that.is, how did
their' present style of life and style of community come into being.
We must divide the eastern United States into several regions which
are not only geographical, but regions within which the same primary
contact situation prevailed between Whites and Indians and resulted
in conditions which at an early time gave a character to and set a
pattern s. -' for the later development of these small, societies.
The first region is the eastern seaboard. This is the area of the old
thirteen colonies and it is in this area that there is the largest
group of native Americans in the east, both in the number of distinct
groups and in terms of gross population. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When
the thirteen colonies were established, each colony tended to
determine its own relationship with the Indian groups within its
borders. In the 1600's the British had neither developed a consistent
"' Indian policy nor had the Crown taken sole jurisdiction for
dealing with Indians as they did later in the 1700's.- Contact with
Indians and policy regarding Indians varied from colony to colony in
response to local conditions. There was an overlap in territory
occupied by Whites and Indians in some colonies. There was even an
intermingling of settlements. Some colonies would make agyeements
with Indians regarding land purchase: In some of the southern
colonies, even individuals would make agreements' with local chiefs
about land purchase. Outside of Virginia, most of the Indians on the
seaboard were very loosely organized. They lived in small bands and
might for a large part of the year live in extended kin groups
scattered over a wide hunting territory. Most of these Indians did
not have political _cohesion nor were they even socially compact, as
opposed to the 151 - (1156 S incoming Whites. The upshot was that
Indians lost the basis of their economy and much of their land base.
Further, some colonies like Massachusetts undertook forced
acculturation programs under the guise of</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">education
and Christianization and this, needless to say, was a
further pressure ,-on Indian groups in the area. The result of this
kind of contact was a series of disastrous wars between Whites and
Indians in the latter part .of the 1600's and the early decades of
the 1700's. These wars were so disastrous that the Indian population
was decimated. It appears that individual Indian families were pushed
into submarginal lands in these colonies; not at the margin of the
colonies, but internally into swamps, forests and out of the way
places. These families were fairly isolated from ,the rest of the
population. There was, of course, some contact with neighbors,
probably on a fairly intimate level. It was in this period that most
of the Indians on the eastern seaboard learned English well. It was
also during this period that Indians began to marry extensively with
both Whites and Blacks. One of the results of this decimation of
population was that there were very few Indians in any one area and
this, no doubt, forced people to pick mates who were either White or
Black. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Along
about Revolutionary times, a number of things happened. Indians were
puAling back together to form more cohesive communities. ,,..\
Population increases was on the upswing in these communities. If one
looks at any of these Indian groups on the eastern seaboard, one
finds very few family names among them because the original
population consisted of very few families. Even such a populous
people as the Lumbee Indians of eastern North Carolina, who now
number somewhere between 30 and 40,000 probably have something like
eighty percent of r the tribe bearing some twenty family names. It is
very possible that this very large group of people have descended
from some twenty nuclear families. This kind of population</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">increase
sounds nothing short of spectacular, and to the modern person it is,
indeed, nothing short of - spectacular. However, if one considers the
general history of the . population increase in America, particularly
of the pre-Revolutionary stock of Americans, this by no means is
surprising. For instance, most Of the people in the United States in
the Middle South, the Southwest and most of the lower Middlewest,
plus a great deal of the Rocky Mountain area and West Coast are
descended from several hundred thousand north Irises who came to the
United States before the American Revolution. In other words, it is
probably no exaggeration to say that there are a minimum of 50
million people in the United States of north Irish descent who are
descended from possibly 300,000 migrants. The spectacular increase of
eastern Indian groups is not as surprising as one might think given
the general context of population increase in the United States from
pre-Revolutionary times up to the present. By 1800 a great many
eastern Indians, had come back together as groups and were starting
to build solid Indian communities. Now, of course, during the one
hundred years previous the language had been lost, probably through
the extensive intermarriage with outsiders. The general life style
that these communities had developed was very much like that of their
White or Black neighbors. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Besides
original tribes restoring themselves, new intertribal communities had
formed. Indians within a region, whether or not they had been members
of tribes which were related linguistically or culturally,. clustered
together. The Lumbee of eastern North 'Carolina are one-such example
of a people -'153 - (1158 who drew membership from the general region
of central North Carolina. Many of these original families were
probably the last survivors to their small tribe. In short, most of
the Indian communities of the eastern seaboard had, by 1800, assumed
the central character both socially and culturally that we see today.
Earlier in the paper I said that most of these groups, by 1800, had
come to resemble their neighbors in terms of cultural traits. It is a
paradox that many Indian groups in the east are distinctive to the
outsider because they have preserved so many early American cultural
items from this period of the synthesis of their style of life. Their
English, food, farming techniques, certain attitudes, etc. all
reflect this "cultural lay." We should be-careful not to
interpret the above as an example of "stagnation." Eastern
Indian communities ery vital and innovative social wholes. Some of
the most spectacular Indian adjustments to the American economy have
been created by seaboard Indiana. The Gay Head Indians of
Martha's-Vineyard island in Massachusetts had, in the early part of
the 1800's, become expert sailors and whalers. -They were sought
after by sailing masters in Massachusetts. The character of
Tantaquidgeon, Melville's American Indian harpooner in "Moby
Dick," was inspired by these Indian whaling experts. In recent
years the noted success of the.Mohawks in high steel speaks for
itself. The second region is the area just to the west of the coast
and the Peidmont. It includes the states of Kentucky, Ohio,
Tennessee, western New York, western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, the
western Carolinas, southwest Virginia, north Georgia, north Alabama
and Mississippi. I will call this region, the inland area for want of
a better word. I have chosen to put northern Florida and southern
Alabama into the seaboard region even though these sections are
outside of the original thirteen colonies. I am doing this because
these sections are old, settled--the northern Gulf Coast. And the
same Contact °situation and subsequent results prevailed in this
area as in the eastern seaboard proper. I have chosen to put southern
Florida and northern Maine into the inland area even though these
Actions are geographically part of the eastern seaboard. however,
northern Maine and southern Florida are late frontier areas and
resemble the interior region in terms of the contact situation.
Tribes in these sections are the Passamquoddy, Penobscot and
Seminole. By the time that intensive contact began with the inland
tribes, the disastrous Indian wars of the eastern seaboard had come
to a close. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
British government and the economic interests it represented were
becoming more and more involved in the Indian trade and Indians in
the interior were becoming harvesters of furs and customers for trade
goods. It was at this point in history that the British government
began dealing with Indian groups as semisovereigns and initiated a
policy of treaty making. Not only did the British government set up 4
a standard policy but they also began to function as the intermediary
between the colonies and inland Indian groups. These inland Indians
were different in character than the seaboard peoples. They were
always large, more cohesive and more organized tribes; groups like
the Iroquois, Cherokees, Choctaws,,Creek;, Shawnees and so forth.
After nearly a century of sporadic contact with Whiles their cohesion
had increased. Moreover, the British treaty -1 making policy
raTclinly contributed further to this development. Some authors, in
fa feel that White contact as a single cultural, 155 7 force brought
into being the great confederation of the Iroquois tribes and the
Creek tribes, as well as the later nation building developments of
the Cherokees, Choctaws, etc. The great interior tribes that the
American settlers were to meet head on after the Revolution were
certainly by this time in history' powerful peoples to i)e reckoned.
The history of :large interior Indian groups is well known to
Amricans and it will not contribute to the purpose of this paper to
belabor that history except to point out that when the United States
became an independent nation and settlers .began to pour into the
interior of the continent there were some very famous conflicts
between advgncing settlers and these Indian nationalities. This
tension and conflict was finally resolved by the,forced removaltof
most of these interior tribes to what is now the area of Oklahoma and
Kansas in the 1830's. Parts of these tribes and entire smaller tribes
escaped removal and remained in the area. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
eastern Cherokee of North Carolina, the Mississippi Choctaw, the
Semitic:51e of Florida and the'Iroquois of New York are the prime
examples. All of these groups, unlike the seaboard tribes, are
recognized as Indf;ans by treaties,7laws and statutes of the Federal
government. In regent years reservations have</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">been
set aside for these portions of the in prior peoples who escaped
removal and these Indians are to some extent, particularly the
Choctaw, Cherokee and Seminole, "Federal Indian " he inland
tribes held together socially and culturally early contact times up
to the present day. They have remained large cohesive social wholes
all through history end have displayed m social and cultural autonomy
all through their history. Some of them have taken over many European
cultural items and institutions. Le 156 - () 1 C.; 1. the last
century the southern tribes developed a republican style government.
Most have become devout Christians. The native language has
persisted, however, and the'culture traits they have borrowed from
Europeans have been placed in the context of the autonomous</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">'meanings
and experience of these peoples. They are yet among the most
"Indian</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">the
peoples in the United States. There are, however, Indians this
interior region who are descendants</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">of
individual Indian families who came into the area as pioneers' along
with American White pioneers. Then, in response to the caste system,
which became formal in the south and informal in northern areas in
this period, they began to group together and form new com- .
munities in these frontier regions. For instance, the Melungeons of
Tennessee are such a people. They appear to have some</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">into
east Tennessee as individual pioneer families from all over the
eastern and central sections of Virginia and North Carolina. Then, in
the 1830's they began to form a single community in Hancock County,
Tennessee. From there, colonies spread out from this original
community down the Tennessee Valley into most of the eastern
Tennessee counties into neighboring counties of northern Alabama,
then westward into the counties-of middle Tennessee. Another spurt
went northward into southwest Virginia, on into eastern Kentucky and
finally into some counties in southern Ohio. Another group called the
Guineas pulled together in West Virginia after migrating from areas
further east. They later set up colonies in southern Ohio. Both of
these groups recognize their Indian origins, bu t the majority of
them think of themselves // as a new people, as a racially mixed
people. In the case of' the Melungeons, they see themselves as a
mixture- of,Portuguese and \, 157 - ) 1 2 and Indian. Their
conception of themselves is like that of the Metis of Mannitoba and
Saskatchewan, who ark descendants of French trappers and Indian
women, and also who, in the late 1700's, made new communities around
forts, fur trading posts and in fact are a new people. In this sense,
the Melungeon's conception of themselves has a historical validity to
it. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
same holds true for the Guineas in West Virginia. One could also
include in this category some groups interne). /I to the eastern
seaboard, such as the Wesorts of Maryland d groups in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and so forth. These groups</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">appear
to be later communities made up of migrants from the older, but
rejuvenated Indian communities in the seaboard region. Needless to
say, the style of life of these groups was very much like that of the
typical American frontiersmen of the particular area in which they
settled, and this style of life is very little different from that of
their present day poor White or Black neighbors. The third region,
which I have arbitrarily designated a register, is Louisiana.
Louisiana is a state, an area, which both resembles // the eastern
seaboard and the inland region. It resembles j1e eastern seaboard/ in
that the older Indian communities tend to h ve a similar social
history seaboard Indians--that is, they we /e decimated
in population</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">on
scattered in individual family groups And changed a lot N
intermarriage. The began a process of coming together and forming a
rejuvenated t be or perhaps a new tribe made up Of individuals from
many bal backgrounds. There are also Choctaws, in the area and Cohush
a, both of whom are later migrants from Mississippi</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and Alabama</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
tend to resemble their fellow tribesmen Mississippi or Okl ma. e
fourth area of consideration I am calling the eastern ??, which
includes the states of Michigan and Indiana. I am excluding
Wisconsin</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">from</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">discussion
since most of the Indians in estimation</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
have ties with Minnesota. Mic Indiana</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">Indians
have a very different social and cultural histo even though the
Chippewa are the most numerous</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">tribe
throughout the re- Lakes country. Southern Michigan and Indiana were
part of the great interior that I discussed earlier. Tribes in this
section were like tribes further* south, pressured</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">for
removal by the Federal government. Most of the Miamis of Indiana</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">did
in fact remove to what is now Oklahoma, a large contingent stayed
behind and lived on what were lands of individual</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">chief's,
which had been set aside in the removal for their use. Part of
the</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">removal policy
was to give lands to individual chiefs.- so that they and their
immediate kin could stay behind while the removal of the rest of
their tribe was sanctioned. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In
the case of the Miamis a much larger contingent stayed behind than
the Federal government had no doubt anticipated. At least until 1880
this group of Indians in Indiana were a very cohesive, conservative
Indian community. From 1880 on the community started to marry
outsiders extensively, lost the language and integrated into. the
general population, although there is yet a core of' People in that
section of Indiana today who retain some semblance of a Miami
community. This same process happened in Michigan. The Potowatomie of
southern Michigan were pressured for removal. Many of them fled to
Canada, some fled to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and formed new
communities. But a great many of them were removed to what is now ,
Kansas and some ultimately</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">to
Oklahoma. One chief did manage to have his band exempted from the
policy, Simon Pokaton, and some 300 of the -.159 - Pokaton
Potawatomie live in scattered individual family groups around
southern Michigan. Another group neap Battle Creek, Michigan
remained, behind and the State of Michigan, set aside a small state
reservation for them. Most of these groups remained conservative
Indians for many years. In recent times, however, that cohesion Was
lessened by the general urban development in southern Michigan. One
can imagine the impact that the 20th century midWestern agricultural
and industrial development has had on these very scattered, loosely
structured people. Now there are probably very few people of either
band who are able to speak the Potowatomie language. Northern
Michigan, the northern section of the lower peninsula, and the upper
peninsula was largely ignored by the Federal government</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
by White settlers in the last century. Treaties were . groups of
Ottawa and Chippewa, but only four reservations aside. In the lower
peninsula, the reservation near Mt. trade with were set Pleasant,
originally Chippewa, was allotted to individuals, opened and'
integrated - . into a state system</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">many
years ago. There are three reservations in'the northern peninsula,
but.none of these reservations have the land base necessary to
support the band members much less for the many other Chippewa and
Ottawa bands in the northern part of the State!' After 1900, the
lumber industry, tourism and new settlers simply moved in on the
Ottawa and Chippewa in this area and in a very short time between
1900 and 1930, 9 rapid acculturation took place. Very few Chippewa in
Michigan, now under.forty, are able, to speak the native language.
There is one notable exception--the Lac Vieux Desert Chippewa
community in the northern peninsula. This settlement both speaks thp
. . native language and practices the native Chippewa religion and is
quite a contrast culturally, to the rest of the Chippewa and Ottawa
in State of Michigan. 'Elie Chippewa and nttawa of northern
Michigan.appear to be going through a period of cultural and social
disorientation at this juncture in their history after having existed
for many years in Isolation with a fairly independent' and_
autonomous economy. They have simply been been overwhelmed by the
influx of settlers, lumber companies, tourist cabins -Detroit-and
.the Smaller cities of Michigan. These four geographical areas, as
the reader has probably surmised, are in fact not geographical areas
at all. They are areas in which a common contact situation has tended
to prodUce a common social and cultural complextion to the Indian
communities in each area. The Culture of Eastern Indian Communities
If we look at most eastern Indian communities and their style of life
in terms of items or traits, we find vet1 little that is distinct
from their White or Black neighbors. It is a middle-class American
bias totend to hold "human nature" constant, to say
"everyone is basically the same," and to see the
distinctiveness of peoples in terms of items or traits. In some
sense, even the most sophisticated analysis of is-still external to
the ptople themselves. For ,in- / st4nce, you would ask a local White
in Mississippi if there were //---- any distinctive items of Choctaw
life, he would probably be hard put to name any particular traits.
The most'obvious one, of course, is the language. Perhaps he-Would
point to the ceremonial ball playing and some of the dances performed
at the Choctaw fair, but these traits have become modern symbols of
Choctaw identity and are not meaningful . in the same way as they
were one hundred years ago. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
Choctaw today r) 16CC are committed Christians; they are cotton
farmers; the children go to school; they dress primarily in American
clothing; they drive auto- , mobiles and so forth. These same Whites,
however, would tell you that the 6hoctaws are a very different people
from either the Whites or the Blacks in this same region. They may
interpret this difference in the separate natures of the races, in
the "blood;" but they do know that the Choctaws are a
distinct people. In this sense, even racists are more astute
observers than liberal middle class Whites, although</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">they
may come to a racist conclusion about their observations. They are
not blinded by the liberal ideology which states that all men are
basically the same and differences are really externals. Liberal
middle class Whites would probably interpret the Choctaw behavior as
an example of "deprivation" or "the culture of
poverty" since they could see'no obviously different cultural
items to signal them that the Choctaws are, culturally distinct.
Quite a few years ago, Robert Redfield' wrote-a paper called "The
Folk Society" in which he postulated that a great many small
communities of the world resemble each other in certain ways. He
looked at those features shared in common by these small communities,
features which contrasted with characteristics 'of modern urban life.
Then having distilled these common characteristics in apposition to
modern life, 41% Robert Redfield conceptualized a type of society
which he called a folk society and presented it as an ideal type. In
this sense, ideal does not mean perfect but the scientific sense of
ex4eme. He said, Such a society (the fplk society) is small,
isolated, non-literate and homogeneous with a strong sense of group
solidarity. The 'ways of living are conventionalized into that
coherent system which we call 'a culture.! Behavior</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">is
traditional, spontaneous, uncritical and personal. There is no
legislation or - 162 7, U 3 q7 0 habit of experiment and reflection
for intellectual ends.- Kinship, its relationships and institutions,
are the type categories of experience and the familial group is a
unit of action. The sacred prevails over the secular, thq economy is
one of status rather than of the market."' Many peoples of the
world approach this characterization: peasant villages, Appalachian
mountaineers, even the working class in cities to somedegree, but in
this ideal form, it probably applies most characteristically</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">to
those people in the world we call tribal. Among those, of course, are
the.various American Indian groups who come closer to this ideal type
folk society than do most West African or inner Asian tribals. In
fact, there are very few peoples Of the world who would approach this
ideal type as closely as American Indian tribal groups. Robert
Redfield. described this society in terms of its characteristics. One
need only know what it means for a human being to be part of this
kind of society. For instance, one of Redfield's characteristics
is that behavior is traditional. What he means by tradition in
this case is not outmoded custom, 'as many lay Americans think of it.
He thinks of tradition as a-body of knowledge, prescriptions, rules
and cues external to the person, which a group of people have
worked,out over the years as best allowing them to live with one
another and with an external environment. If tradition guides life
for such an individual he looks outside himself for guides and cues.
He is not a person who has motivations nor does he have a lack of
motivations. He is a person for whom the word motivation is
inappropriate. He is a person who responds to the external
environment and this includes the people around-Rim who tend not to
have internal guides and controls. In the modern middle-class sense,
this description seems rather negative. However, on the - 163 -
1)1f18 positive side, this is a person who is extremely sensitive and
observant to what goes on around him. If there is one feature about
American Indians on which observers have commented, it is the Indian
ability to observe what goes on around- -him.- Redfield characterized
behavior in the ideal folk society as personal. Personal behavior in
this sense does not mean friendly. .necessarily. It means that your
relationships with others are wholistic, unique, particular and the
people with whom you have these relationships tell you who you are,
in fact. The closest thing that we in the urban world have to these
kinds of relationships are with very close friends and with family. A
great deal of our relationships in the .urban world are not personal,
but categorical. We deal with strangers in standardized role
functions such as waitresses, cab drivers, colleagues, etc. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Our
definition of ourselves tends to be not from othei people, but from
our awn actions--our goals, our occupations, our roles and their
symbols, etc. Men who live in a folk world are defined by other
persons. In most American Indian groups, both in aboriginal times and
today, these other persons who give definition to the individual, who
tells one who .he is, are relatives. Redfield says, "Kinship,
its relationships and institutions, are the type categories of
experience and the familial group is a unit of action." In other
words, such an individual is immersed in his relations with his
relatives. He is committed to his relatives emotionally because trey
are, in fact, definitive of him. To lose one's relatives is to lose
one's self. This is not to say that.in the many folk-like groups in
the world, young men d9 not stray from the home village. Certainly
this is not, true of young American Indians and many go into the city
to work. But this is usually seen as a temporary expediency and the
point of - 164 - (I 1(iH reference is those relatives. Such a person
see his contribution in the world in tests</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">of
those relatives. He sees what we will leave behind him in the world
in terms of those relatives. If you are your relatives and your
relatives are you, which.is the case in most ex- , treme folk
societies, then one simply is who one is. The job of being is
completed. There is no person to become or to fulfill. Such a thing
as career motivation, for instance, is meaningless to those who live
in such</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">a
world. The idea that there is a self which improves or else stagnates
or disintegrates has no meaning. The self is fixed and it is
completed for such people. One can imagine that in such a society
where persons ar *so closely tied to one another and where everyone
defines everyone else that good relationships between people are an
absolute necessity for the pyschic well being of each individual.
Societies which approach our ideal type folk society put a great
value on harmony is generalized out to all aspects of life- - to the
natural world and the supernatural world. This kind of person
lives.in an ordered and reciprocal universe, like his own social
world, which is-held together by harmony and good feelings among all
its "parts." A tube as a human community is more than
simply an ideal folk society:. There are certain features that tribal
communities have in common which marks them off as a special kind of
ideal folk society. One of these is that most tribal people live in a
closed, bounded world. That is to say, notions about the nature of
the world are shared only among this group of relatives. A tribal
group is a group of relatives. It is a group of relatives who are
descended in an unbroken line from time immemorial of other
relatives. It is their own experience and their own interpretation of
the world that is the interpretation of the world for people in a
tribal group. In other words, an individual who - 165 - () 1 70 is a
member of an "ideal" tribe takes into account the
definition of his rclati,ve and does not take into account the
definitions of outsiders. They make sense of the world in their own
tOgis, not in the terms of others. The word most tribals have for
themselves is either simply "people" or, in more humanistic
tribes, the "real' people." The definitions of outsiders,
the ideas of right and wrong of outsiders and the reactions of
outsiders may be either legitimate, strange or funny, but they belong
to outsiders and not to the people. Another characteristic of tribal
people as a special category of folk societies is that they are very
responsive to a particular natural environment, and a great deal of
the life way of a tribal group has grown up in response to that
particular environment. But tribals do. more than simply respond to a
natural environment; they integrate into a natural environment and
almost become part of that environment. Such categories ,as the
supernatural and the natural and human are categories foreign to
tribal thinking. Since tribal people interact with and are relative
to a particular natural environment, their historical experience has
been particular. A tribal group does not conceive of itself as
"tribal" nor as having much to do with another tribal
group, nor are there felt to be broad areas of commonality, except as
seen by the outside scientific observer. A' tribe occurs in the
particular. A tribe is a particular people with a strong sense of
peoplehood, of peopleness. For instance, one cannot discuss the
Choctaws as,a tribal group in terms of the general features of tribal
groups without doing violence to that particular tribalness of the
Choctaw people's experiences over time. The notions that
any particular tribal people have developed from
their experience</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">with
an environment are thought of as "in the nature - 166 (I 1 7 1
of things." They are natural and given. Most times these notions
are conceptualized as a series of definitive statements about the
nature of the world and the nature of "the people's" place
in that world.. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When
a Cherokee woman "scolds" her child by saying, "The
Cherokees don't make a lot of racket" she is reporting a fixed,
given, natural fact. A fact which is as definitive of "the real
people" as saying, "The Cherokees live in the woods, not
out on the prairie." There are very few Indian groups in the
United Satetlwho are as yet tribal in the sense that we have
described tribal. Most Indian groups now are much more open, they see
themselves as part of a larger whole than simply their relatives, are
less particular as a people, more generalized and therefore, less
tribal in the way we are describing it. Eastern Indians are no
exJeption to this rule and the majority of eastern Indian communities
are not as tribal as their ancestors. Surprisingly, there are some
residual features left of this old tribal state. Although eastern
Indian groups are not now bounded, they are still very particular in
their environment and although open still very particular peoples.
What is probably surprising is that there are in the eastern part of
the United States some Indian groups which are among the most tribal
in the United States, namely the Seminole, the Choctaw, some of the
North Carolina Cherokee and the Coushattas of Louisiana. One could
set up a typology of eastern Indian groups in terms of continuity
with ancestors. We could put in the first category people who are
very tribal and who preserve the most continuity with their
ancestors. These are groups like those which were previously named,
the Coushattas of Louisiana, the Choctaw of MisSissippi, some of the
North Carolina Cherokee and the Seminole of Florida. One of the 167 -
(11 72 indices of this tribalness is the extensive used of the native
language and the presence of Indian medicine men or native curers.
The use of , f the native language usually indicates that the people.
are simply oriented to one another to the exclusion of outsiders.
Further, it means that the experience of that social group through
time, the way in which the world is divided up into categories and
the way in which the world is conceived, is still within the "heads"
of those people. English is not a language to which the Choctaw
experience, as a_ people, can be easily transferred. _The use of
native language means that the experiential world is still very much
intact and is still the world which is li d in; if the native
language is the language of the community and the language of the
home, even if people are able to speak fairly acceptable English.
Further, the use of the native language not only "preserves,"
but also contains the person in that particular experiencial world
and, to some degree, is an insulation and a protection from the
cultural imperialism of the dominant experiential world which is
expressed in the English language. The presence of Indian doctor's is
usually a sign that the sacred, integrated, wholistic, magical world
is still very alive for those t people and that they still live in
that world or as modern young people would put it, "that's the
bag they come out of." Of all the tribes listed in thiat
category, the Florida Seminole must be among" the most
conservative, traditional and tribal of American Indian groups. They
are not only very tribal, very particularly Seminole who live in a
sacred world, but they also have retained a great many of the
external forms of their ancestors, such as-the aboriginal religion,
ceremonies, social organizations, etc. The second grouping would
be what I would"call.</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">tribals
in transition. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These
are the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potowtomie of northern 'Michigan who,
until recently, were very isolated tribal groups and who have almost
been overwhelmed by the influx, in a very short</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">time,
of urban American into their area. These communities</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">evidence
a "great many-'social ills such as alcoholism, family breakdown,
etc. There are other tribals in transition. / A minority of the
Miccosukkee who live on Federal reservations-are going,through
a social turmoil. There are other groups such as the Tunicas of
Louisiana who are also going through a transition, but without such
dire social consequences. What will be the outcome of this transit
for these tribal groups is yet to be seen. The third category
consists of those groups which h e ideologized their tribalness.
In some sense, such groups are ve urban tribals, if such a thing
is conceptually</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">possible
and I would imagine, resemble the Jews in the time of the Bablyonian
captivity. I am thinking particularly here of-the Iriquori tribes,
who have preserved a 'great deal of'.the aboriginal trait complexes
of their ancestors, particularly their religion, but reinterpreted by
their famous prophet Handsome Lake into,p less tribal and more modern
urban religious system. HiS reforms created'a religion that was less
magical, more oriented to individual choice and conscience, more
ethical and proscriptive, etc. Many of the Iroquois have used this
native institution to stabilize their lives. A fourth type
of Indian</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">community
is-very common in the eastern United States and is particularly
evident on the eastern seaboard. These are tribes or Indian groups
which, ,after almost being wiped out, havehad a period of resurgence
as a people. These are the tribal groups,in southern New England, on
Long Island, the NandtiC'okes in Delaware, the tribes of the Powhatan
Confederacy in eastern Virginia .andso on. As I saidlin an earlier
section, the native language o -f . these groups has not been spoken
since the revolution. The Catawbas of South Carolina are an exception
and preserved their native language _almost up until 1900. For most
seaboard groups, the native language and the old institutional
forms--religious, political and.social forms--were abandoned by,
revolutionary times. se extensive intermarriage with Whites and
Blacks during this period contributed to the loss of aboriginal
traits and items of culture. ably contriving the economic sphere,
particularly in the Virginia tribes, one sees the retention of many
'aboriginal traits in hunting techniques and economy since these
tribes were, until recently, still dealing with tie natural
environment as hunters, trappers, f -el en and gardeners!' By and
Large, the items of aboriginal culture have long since disappeared
but the continuity of their particularity as a people through time
has remained. The fifth category of communities having a continuity
with ancestors are what I would call reconstituted groups. These are
groups like the Lumbees, Haliwas and so forth, who are intertribal
amalgams; that is to say, people from different tribes in the same
region who came together to form a new people. But their peoplehood
is certainly as ,Yong as the peoplehood of the older, more
established tribes. The sixth category I would call the displaced
groups like the Melungeons of east Tennessee,.the Guineas of West
Virginia, the Wesorts of Maryland and other such groups in the middle
Atlantic states. These groups seem to be communities,which
formed,when mixed blood Indians of various backgrounds came together
in response to their social exclusion. Many of the\groups in this
category seem to be in the process - 170 - of assimilation. A few of
the Melungeon communities have a stronger identity as Indians than
other communities in the same category. They refer to themselves as
Indians. At present'we need some more data to establish the cause of
this phenomenon. It could be the result of the resurgence of
"Indianess" generally in the country today. All of these
are possibilities, but all are speculations. However, the fact , .
that these are very folk-like communities and communities of kin, are
factors that in themselves will tend to retard assimilation even
after the original cause of community formation, that is the social
exclusion, disappears. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
seventh category that I have listed here is city Indian . This simply
is a category of people who now live. in very different circumstances
than their ancestors. Since they have recently migrated from many
diverse communities, making special adaptations to the ity, leis
almost impossible to say anything about them as a group For instance,
what a Mississippi Choctaw is experiencing in Ch ago is certainly
very different from what a Melungeon from east, tennessee is
experiencing in Chicago. This grouping is a convenient. catagory, '74
which is not really related to continuity with ancestors but imply
here to point out the beginning of a new social process the effects
of which will probably be seen in later years. Perhaps city Indians
will develop into a social type in the United States in future years.
Certainly city eastern Indians have no separate social
distinctiveness except'in the case of the Lumbee, who have a very
large colony in Baltimore. Most other Indian migrants from
communities are scattered out ii large cities and are as
apt to interact with western Indians, as with "hillbillies,"
Blacks and people from other eastern communities. Eastern Indians
have been trickling into cities, like other rural 3 -; A Americans,
for many years now. Since World War II: . Indians, have flooded into
cities as economic refugees/ Over the years, a great many individuals
and families have begin assimilated, some into White society and a
few into Black society. However, although city Indians are not yet a
solid Community in the city, urban ( Indian social life is beginning
to develop and assimliation is slowing / down. It may disappear
altogether as significant process if Indians in Cities develop a real
community. There are some indications that A such a community and
community life might develop in the cities in the future. This does
not mean that city eastern Indians are not having an impact on the
general Indian scene in the eastern part of the United States and on
their individual home communities. Certainly such is not the case and
not only are many Indians moving to cities, but city life is moving
to Indians. For instance, the area of southern New England is
becoming generally an urban rea so that it is very hard to speak of
rural areas in eastern M ssachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island.
The same is true in other parts of the eastern United States. Many
country Indians from eastern Indian communities who now live in
cities have begun to form organizations. For instance, there is an
organization of Virginia Indians who\now live in the Delaware river
valley Pennsylvania. As I mentioned earlier, there is a large Lumbee
community in Baltimore. There are many eastern Indians living in the
Boston area and they are in the process of forming Indian
organizations. and developing an Indian center on the model of other
cities in the United States. The same is true of New York--there is
a, Mohawk colony in New York City, in Brooklyn, the very famous one
of Mohawk steelworkers.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So
the urban world is intruding more and more into the life of the
Eastern Indian>, Urban influence</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">is
coming to eastern Indian communities by three major routes. 'One,la
great many rural 'Indian people are simply moving to the cities; some
f them stay permanently, others are returning home with what the have
learned in the city. Some of these people are, as stated ove,
becoming "citified"enough,to form voluntary organizations,
such as the association of the V irginia Indians of the Delaware
valley, Indian centers, Indian organizations and so forth. The second
influence is the general urbanization of what were formerly rural,
areas such as in southern New England., The third route is, at least
among the Lumbee,.by the development of a native middle Class and a
high educational level. There appears to be two major results of this
urbanization. One is that in southern New England Indian community
life is becoming more and more secular so-that local churches as'
significant institutions , 4 around which people have Built the life
of their communities are be- . coming more and more eroded. The
second obvious result is that many , young eastern Indians from
cities and from the Iroquois -and Lumbee</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">areas,
are becoming more and-more militant and nationalistic. -Urban Whites
tend to find it strange that urban experience would 4,tt tend to
cause a militancy/Ad many sociologists have given us explanations of
rising expectations and so forth as a reason for rising militancy
when people become more and more urban influenced. However, the
simple fact is that rural Indians, by and large, are simply "out
of it"-and stand apart from the general society in:a great many
ways, where as city Indian</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
very educated country Indians see themselves as part of American
society and of course not only expect better '173' 4178 J, treatment
but see the possibility of better treatment by the general society.
If they were not part of the "system" they would not be- ,
. . objecting so much to their treatment by the system. The
other facts</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">which</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">gives
rise to this militants</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">that
urban middle-class People put a great value on 'controlling their
own destiny as individuals</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
4 as members of communities. They see themselves unjustifiably con- .
.trolled, discriminated against and excluded by the society of which
they are a part. 'A society which seems to hold out the promise of
free choice, free dom and responsible</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">everyone
except themselves. Such is an intolerable condition for a middle
-class urban person of whatever color -or ethnic background. .The
"Problems" of Eastern Indian Communities In this section, I
would like to delineate four problems areas which I think most native
Americans of the eastern United States, as well as knowledgeable
outsiders, would both agree were problems or .these communities. The
first problem area is simply that,eastern Indians resemble poor
people wherever you find them in the United States. They do not have
enough resources and enough money to have a decent standard of
living. They are underdevlOped. They are poor people who live in 9
poor areas. This is particularly true in the southern United States.
2 Historically, eastern Indians were pushed 'into economically
marginal areas and most of these Communities have a'very little
land base anda very insecure land base. There are some eastern Indian
communities which Have Federal reservations. Tile,Sorth' Carolina
Cherokees live on a Federal reservation,as dormancy</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">of
the * Seminole 44 tribe of Florida and the Choctaws</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">in
Mississippi. The groups have three small reservations in
the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Other groups have state
reservations; such as the Passamquoddys and Penobscots in Maine,
the Pequots</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">in
Connecticut, the Pamunkey and Mattaponi in Virginia. The Iroquois</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">in
New York live on reservations held in trust by the state but
sanctioned by treaty with the United States. Most of these
reservations, either state or Federal reservations, are not large
enough to use as a resource. .Most of the reservations are hardly big
enough for homesteads. The majority of eastern Indians. are either
tenant farmers or independent small farmers who farm plots of land to
which they have an Uncertain title. Some groups are simply squatters
on land. Except for the tribes' on Federal reservations eastern
Indians receive no special Federal services from the Department of
the Interior. The majority of the Indian groups in the,east are
simply part of the general citizenry of the State or county insofar
as special' services go and are, unfortunately, a very neglected
portion. the general citizenry., '(1. . Eastern Indians are
uneducated and unskilled. The economic success in America
society they certainly have an extremely low level of education; the
L bees being the exceptions as well as
the New</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">York Iroquois</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">.Their.population
is.increasing; many of them are getting pushed into cities as eonomic
refugees, ill prepared to-compete in the maelstrom .of city lif in
the United States.. Secondly, in most areas eastern Indians face very
severe racial discrimination. This discrimination was overt several
years ago. In the South, certainly in local areas where Indians
lived, Indians were excluded from restaurants,, were not allowed to
go to school with Whites and faced not only discrimination, but
that kind of economic exploitation which usually goes along
with discrimination. In these days overt discrimination</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">is
not as blatant, but the discrimination in jobs and economic
exploitation is still very strong and the covert pressure against
Indians in schools and public institutions is still felt inmost
areas. The third third main problem area is that most eastern Indian
communi- , ties are effectively excluded from the institutions which
goverr their lives. This is true on Federal Indian reservolon's and
it is true in Indian communities not on Federal reservations. Indians
who are legally integrated into the general society are simply
excluded from local county institutions and state institutions.,
Whether -this be because of discrimination or. whether because Whites
have gotten their "firstest with the mostest6 and have grabbed
and kept institutional power is beside the point. The fact remains
that Indians are effectively</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">excluded
from the institutional complies</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">which
govern their. lives. One of the features of the segregation system</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">in
the South fore school integration, was that,Indians had separate
schools and some Indian communities were able, because of this fact,
to assume control of that institution. This is particularly true of
the Lumbee, who developed 'A native middle -class which ran the
Lumbee schools in the area. Their area had a four way segregation
system--Whites, Blacks, Lumbees and another group of Indian migrants
from South Carolina called Smiling.</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">Lumbees
were a big enough group to gain control of the school system and to
use it to develop a professional class. Their schools, were an ,
institution which they_could'"parley" into"some
political power. In recent years, the lumbees have reacted
negatively to school integration in their section'of North Carolina.
,Certpiply part of this reason was - 176 - 1t1 e i* ss AD that they
had spent so much time and effort in building this school system.
Also, the social fact of the school system was a recognition --of the
Lumbee as a distinct community. But more than that, many Lumbees saw
school integration as a taking away of part of the institutional
power they had developed. The only institution most eastern Indians
have that is their own is the local, rural Protestant church and it
has been this institution around which they have built their lives,
cohesion.and continuity as a social group. The fourth problem area is
one of social legitimacy. This is not a big problem for the large
inland tribes like-the Choctaw, Seminole, Cherokee, Iroquois or even
the Michigan tribes, but it is certainly a problem for, most of the
seaboard tribes. American Whites have a tendency to classify people
as individuals into occupational, class or racial categories and then
relate to them accordingly. Certainly in ' the urban world, life
would be more simple and more consistent if everybody stayed.in
their assigned categories. Further, Americans tend, to see
aggregates Of individuals rather than peoples or communities. Of
course, community is a word which is thrown around very loosely these
days,. We hear of the scholarly community, the business community,
the Black community. Usually these are simply cla s, racial or
occupational-categories with very little social reality. They may
even administers native units like the Chicago community the
North Side community. But a community is more than these thingsl It
is a 9 ,e 'goup of people living together over time, dealing togeth r
with an environment, raising their, children/together, developing
institutions, tore er and ,sharing life together. ....- . . ( / .
Further, since the ynited States as/'a society is $ Made up of people
0 - 177 of diverse ethnic backgrounds, many Americans -tend
to.confuse the notion of a comm' a with the citizenry and ,boundary
of a nation-state. Indeed, in many parts of the world, nation-state
boundaries are coterminous with the boundaries of a particblar
peoples, such as France or Japan. And this fact only confuses, the
issue for modern Americans. Most social groups of the world who
consider themselves peoples are y groups which feel themselves to
be descendants' of common ancestors, to face together common
problems, to have a common destiny, are committed to those others
around them whom they feel to be part of their people hood and Are
equally committed to their ancestors and their own descendants.
This commitment</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">is
not a matter of choice, It simply is. Such is the. case with the
majority of Indian,groups in eastern United States as well as othet
American Indian groups. They see a continuity over time between their
ancestors and.their descendants. Now since
most Americans</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">"see" neither</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">communities
nor peoples, they cannot see eastern Indians. When they look at
Indian communities of the eastern seaboard they tend to see'an
aggregate of individuals who live a life style very much-like poor,
Blacks and poor Whites, . without Speaking an Indian language or
showing any obvious aboriginal traits. Further, they see an aggregate
of individuals who exhibit both White and Negro physical
characteristics,-as-well,as Indian. . Therefore, they
try classify these individuals</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">into
the racial category of Negro', particularly</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">in
the.South; or think of this group .as having -its origins in a
mixture_between these three raced and re-' 4 fer to them' . There are
a few communities in the eastern United States wh do 1 - conceive of
themselves as hating their origin in an initial racial intermixture.
In fact, some of the Melungeon communities of east 178 - ;1 1 1
Tennessee, the Guineas of West Virginia, the Sabines of Louisiana, at
least to Whites, present themselves as communities which came into
being as a result of racial intermixture. Such communities, however,
are a, very small minority of eastern Indian groups. Most groups
conceive of themselves and present themselves to outsiders as
legitimate historic Indian groups. But since White Americans can see
no obvious Indian cultural traits among many of these groupd and
perceive a large amount of incorporation of foreign blood into these
groups, they are dubious of such a claim. They take the attitude that
the claim of being Indian is fraudulent and that the community's
Indian identity is simply a way, in many cases, to escape the
disability of being classified as Negroes. To Whites in some areas
of-the South the term "Indian" has simply come to mean a
middle ground caste or status group which contains not only people of
Indian blood, but those who are neither Black or White as well as
mixtures of Black and White. Eastern seaboard Indians are no longer
as closed and bounded a , group as their ancestors were. They are,
after all, English speakers. They lead a style of life and have a
great many cultural items in common with their White neighbors. They
have been legally integrated into/the fabric of American society for
many years, perhaps as second'''/- class citizens, but at least
functionally as part of the society that surrounds them. They are not
completely separate communities;
their lives-are-now</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">-intertwined</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">with
those of their White and Black neigh- 'hors. Many American Indians
from other areas that eastern Indians meet view them in the same
light as do their White neighbors. More urbanized Indians in other
parts of the United States have their own identity 179 - i) 1 84
problems and the problem of rank and respectability vis a vis-the
general society. Such Indians are sometimes threatened by the spector
of possible Negro blood in an Indian group so that their own,
identity and concerns about acceptance by Whites are aggravated and,
are called into question by Indians from eastern seaboard
communities. Many of 4the younger members of eastern seaboard Indian
communities -now living in cities, feel that they have to prove that
they areisuper7Indiane. This fact partially accounts for their
participation in such militant moves as the recent occupation of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs building in Washington and the Wounded Knee
"uprising." American scholars, by and large, have not been
helpful in assisting eastern Indians solve their identity dilemmas
and most have, in fact, contributed to an opposite process. For
instance, some historians and social scientists have assumed, like
most of their fellow Americans, that western seaboard Indian
communities formed as an attempt to escape the disabilities of the
caste system and being classed as Negroes. This simply is incorrect.
Most eastern seaboard Indian_ communities were formed in the 1700's
at a time when the caste system Wad not yet come into existence in
the United States and when intermarriage between e"races was
much more "free and easy" than it was in later
day Assimilation</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">was
certainly possible for many individual, Indians in those days even if
they were part Black. Many present day White Americans proudly boast
that they are of part,Indian ancestory, usually/Cherokee. However, if
one looks closely at their family background, one finds that their
Indian great grandmother, more often than not, came from the eastern
seaboard and married their great grandfather during a period of
history after which eastern seaboard Indians had incorporated large
amounts of foreign blood. So individual assimilation was certainly
possible. The caste system had not yet come into existence and it is
clear that the formation of these communities was centered around the
Indian component of this "mixed population." Historically,
particularly in the South in the last century, eastern seaboard
Indian groups fought long and hard not to be classed as Blacks and to
have special schools set up-for their children. This struggle on the
part of eastern seaboard Indians was a move to maintain their own
separate identity and a fight for social survival as much or more
than it was a resistance to being placed in a low rank position by
the general society. Unfortunately, many American academics,
historians, anthropologists.; sociologists and the like tend to
assume, probably because Of their own life history, that
considerations of rank lies behind all 0 of human behavior. Rank, of
course, is important in modern</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">society
but it can never explain all of the human beings. Even when rank
Concerns are obvious other concern</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">interact
with concerns in any particular human situation. The concern for
social survival and 7 the resistance to the threat of social death is
an overriding concern for small minority peoples within a large
nation-state. Needless to say, in the United States rank and
respectability r are an important Tart of personal</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">identity
and a group's identity. Rank concerns are important to eastern
Indians. They want to be separate, distinct communities. They
want-to-be,Indian communities and they want a respectable rank for
their community within the context / of the general society. And, of
course, part of this concern,with rank comes out in the way they deal
with the presence of Negro ancestry in the group. Some groups are
threatened by Negroes and a few are 181 (Li 8c; 4 very anti-Negro.
Many of these groups, in fact, deny that they have any Negro
ancestry. This problems</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">of
social legitimacy is more serious in those eastern seaboard Indian
communities which</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">had
their origin as amalgam6 of different tribal groups. For instance,
the Lumbee of North Carolina very much feel the lack of a historic
validation for their community identity and over the last hundred
years have cast around, searching for a name which both legitimatizes
and expresses their identity. -Since 1870, they have</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">called
themselves successively Croatians, Robeson County .Werokees, Siouan
Indians, Lumbees, and recently some of their</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">group
are presenting theirselves as Tuscaroras. ( Over the years o sooner
have they adopted a name which they felt valid and pressed their
identity than local Whites managed to make a joke of .the name, made
it appear fraudulent</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
twisted it so that it became an oblique reference to Negro
background. For instance, Croatan became Crow to local Whites with
the implication</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">of
"black as a crow" and the further implication that this was
a group of Negroes posing as Indians. , - Many smaller groups in
eastern United States have simply adopted 7 the name Cherokee to
refer to their group which does not endear them to North Carolina
Cherokees or Oklahoma</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">Cherokees.
But all of these groups are firm in their identity as Indiana. 6en if
they are tribal amalgams or simply a community which does not recall
their Indian name, they have a strong local identity as a separate
and distinct people. ... -* A few such groups, like the "Moors"
of Delaware and the "Cubans" .ot North
Carolina present</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">themselves
to Whites as being partially descended from Latins or North Africans
as the names imply; thus explaining</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">away')
and making respectable the presence of non-White and non-Indian
ancestry. How much this identification with Latins,and North African
have replaced identification With Indians remains</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">to
be seen. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There
are some indications that this identification is simply a public fact
to Whites to satisfy the demands of respectability and that, in fact,
people in such groups still think of themselves as basically an
Indian group. It is clear, however, even with the small amount
of data we have at our disposal, that all eastern Indian communities
think of themselves as separate, distinct peoples very local' and
particular to an area and recognize their Indian origin even if they
publicly stress their "Latin" .roots or even think of
themselves as a new people. So far in this section I have been
considering the problems of eastern Indians and I have divided those
into four categories. The first is the problem of underdevelopment. I
have said that eastern Indians are landless, by and large without
resources, poor, uneducated, unskilled, farming submarginal land of
questionable title, caught up in the cycle of poorly paid wage labor,
poverty and welfare payments, etc. In other words in this area of
problems, they resemble the people of the southern Appalachians. The
second problem area is discrimination and` exploitation
discrimination to the point of outright physical coercion in sole
sections of the deep South, notably Mississippi and Louisiana, and
with a general exploitation of their labor and remaining resources.
Once again, the northeast is an exception to this I designated the
third problem area as a general powerlessness and an exclusion from
institutions that govern their own lives. In ./ this regard, all
eastern-Indians share in this feature of life and - 183 ) 1 H8 0
the-northeast is no exception s rule. The fourth category o problems
I have called the problem of' social legitimacy, accompanied by t
problem of social survival, of group identity erosion, and concern of
respectability and rank. In , other words, eastern Indians generally
have all the problems of a poor racial minority with asemi-colonial
relationship to the general society. Added to this is the general
problem of legitimacy of Identity, particularly strong in the eastern
seaboard and Louisiana's groups. There are, however, some positive
features of eastern Indian life which probably more than overbalance
the negative features. By and large these are strong, stable,
cohesive communities. They have survived as distinct peoples under
impossible conditions which attests to their strength as peoples.
Further, their struggle in the crucible of modern America has
probably contributed to their strength and cohesion: Most
eastern Indians, regardless of poverty, dissociation,
powerlessness, and a problematical group identity I had a fairly
good life. Certainly these communities are stable and harmonious
social wholes. The only exception t this rule are the
Chippewa, Pottawatomie, and Ottawa of Northern</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">Michigan
and those of the Miccosukkee who live on Federal reservations in
Florida. This Social stability of eastern Indians contrasts</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">markedly.
with Indian 4 communities in the western section the United States
where many reservations are plagued, with a alcoholism, crimes of
violence, the breakdown of</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">the
family, an even teenage suicide in a few cases. All of these are
indices of very deep social trouble for</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">a
great many American Indian</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">rural</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">groups
as well as in the lives of many urban - 184 - /t q" I think
it behooves</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">me
in this paper to, comment on this contrast and to "suggest
some</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">seasons for
such a contrast. It is obvious to most observers / hat tribal people
who have recently come into contact with western</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">civilization
are not faring well. In southeast Asia tribal</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">people
have been dislocated and pushed into urban areas. In Africa
tribals have come in large numbers to cities where they are
controlled by Whites, and to the Black cities of newly independent
Africa and so on around the world. Wien we consider the nature of the
ideal folk society, the tribe and the kind. of people who live in
these kinds of societies, we can readily see what the requirements
for social stability are. To begin with, a tribal person is not a
self-contained, autonomous person who makes choices about his owl;
self, his environment, and his individual destiny apart from others.
He does not wind his way through the world toward some distant
personal goal. He does not valance and jockey alternatives. He does
not control and create his , own self and the world around him. He
does not plan and live in the future. He does not "take advantaged
of</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">opportunities".
He doesn't even see them. He does not analyze and secularly work for
a better 'world. He is not even aware he is responsible for his own
self and the condition of the world around him. /Persons who "do"
all of the above, who are that kind of being, are products of urban
life. The city and urban life may be a lonely sea of faceless
strangers, inconsistent, dangerous, and perhaps
largely irrelevant,but,most of all, it'is a cafeteria of
opportunity .:* to bring into being, to become, for the urban
personality. And it is this kind of man who has developed
and managed</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">the
great American institutional structure which has made the' United
States the richest b. and most technologically powerful society
in the world today. Needless to say, modern urban life as an
environment is °tyrannized</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">on
the basis of stranger and categorical role relationships with its
inconsistencies; conflicts, abrasive interactions, conflicting cues
and signals and where behavior can have dire consequences</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">so
that every individual must be held responsible for his own actions.
One can imagine what such an environment does to most individual
tribals. And one only has to look at tribals in cities around the
world to verify what logically follows from the above analysis.</span> </span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rural
tribals have been able7to adjust to civilization in many parts of the
world and throughout recorded history. When tribal. groups have had
the autonomy to be able to use their own institutions or to develop
new institutions so they could learn together as communities about
their new environment,a civilization, then they have been able
to make adjustments to the outside and handle the internal effects
brought about by the presence of that outside force. However,
many fit</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">American
Indian groups have had the above option. On most Federal
reservations, the governmental agencies have perhaps
unwittingly,destroyed all the previous institutional structures and
have allowed no new institutions to develop. So called tribal
governments are creations of the Federal gover ts--set up by urban
people, who db not value harmony inhuman relationships, as reflected
by such secular nations as individual and,secret balloting,
majority rule and representation by geographical ar a instead of kin
group. ,Such outside created structures have been simply dropped on,
the heads of Indians and not only function as the internal arm of the
. , . , Federal government, but are socially destructive as well to
Indians.r. Most reservation Indians do not even have control of their
religious , institutions. The older native religion has been so
attacked as _ - to be discredited and Whites, still control Indian
churches on most reservations. Without autonomous institutions on
reservations, great Federal bureaucracies have simply created
the worst features of the urban environment for the individual tribal
to be overwhelmed by. Individual Indians are thus involved in
rational, seculhr, analytic, categorical, planned programs which
fragment their lives, create bad feelings among kin and bring
confusions, doubts, alternatives, feelings of, incompetence and
impotence into their lives". These small tribal societies</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">have
thus begun to disintegrate socially and so begins the downward spiral
of alcoholism, family breakdown and the like. To my Mind, the schools
are the worst offenders in this process. A similar process is now
taking place among those Miccosukee in Florida, who live on
Federal reservations. In upper Michigan a related 'process is
happening in upper Michigan are scattered out in family groups
amidst an increasingly</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">urbanizing
environment. They are excluded from the institutions that govern
their' lives and even their churches are controlled by local
Whites. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Further,
they are very hurt by the unkindness shown to-them by their White
neighbors whom they respect and fear a part of. It is . small wonder
that Indian life in upper Michigan is starting the long, downhill
slide. Eastern Indian groups, as a whole, have been very lucky in
being able to escape this social breakdown. And es I said earlier
they are, by and large, very stable and cohesive</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">communities.
I would hypothesize a number of factors which// account for this
fortunate condition. Firstly, I think that most eastern Indian tribes
very early made an adjustment to the Americas civilization. in a time
when, it was less powerful, less all pervasive and less urban than it
now is. Secondly, most eastern groups have been relatively isolated
from the time of that initial adjustment up until the present day.
Thirdly, and most importantly, eastern Indians have been able to use
their local churches to build their life around and thus compensate
for any outside social erosion. These institutions have provided</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">the
sacred sanction and necessary cohesion for a stable community life.
Some of the Iroquois in New York have been able to use their reformed
native religious life in this same manner. But for most of the others
the cement of life has been the local Indian version of Protestantism
and their small community church. In a large sense, Christianity has
been a replacement for the older fixed, given tradition of aboriginal
times. A Choctaw</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">minister
once said to me, "Way back in the days of the old Choctaw Nation
times (their Golden Age) we made Christianity the Choctaw way and the
Choctaw tradition." And, indeed, Christianity among the Choctaw
Appears, to be just that--Choctaw Christianity. I am sure, as an
anthropologist, that Christianity has been integrated into the
context of older Choctaw sacred meanings. Eastern Indians have been
fortunate to have achieved and held on to a new and stable synthesis
of their life ways. However, all of this poses a dilemma. Eastern
Indians sorely need help from government sources to solve many of
their problems. They are a deserving people and they have been
grossly neglected by the state and Federal governments. That they
have survived at all, much less in such good social shape, is nothing
short of a social miracle and says much about their - 18 3 strength
as peoples. No doubt help from governmental sources will soon
forthcoming, 'But will this help from the great bureaucracies simply
erode their institutional structure, break down their cohesion and
bring the chaos of the urban world into their lives? I think' that
both eastern Indians and government bureaucrats will have to exercise
a great deal of social se sitivity and creativity in order to create
the condition whereby these communities can get the necessary skills
and resources to solve their problems while at the same time
retaining their social stability and cohesion. There must be a way in
America for some Indian groups to have both a rewarding</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">social
life and a decek material state of being. Most have neither. Perhaps
eastern Ind ns'and their helpers will have the wisla to accomplish
this end. significant</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">recent
development has been the formation of the Coalition of astern Native
American, Inc. This organization seems modeled after the National
Congress of American Indians, an organization of Federally recognized
tribes. The Coalition has,offices in Washington, puts out a
newsletter, organizes conferences of eastern Indian leaders and is
government funded. It also arts as a semi lobbying</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">group
to promote the interests of eastern Indians on the national level.
This organization could very well weld the eastern Indians</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">into
a powerful social and political force nationally and in local areas.
Under the provisions of the Indian Education Act of 1972 a number of
eastern Indian communities received funds for the' operation of
educational4 programs in their communities. This development may be
the most noteworthy, event in recent Indian political history. The
layman in both the government and the private area considers it
significant that communities previously unrecognized by the Federal</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">-
189 -' i 1 (.4 4 government received Federal monies fcir their local
use. The significance is not,,however, simple political recognition.</span> </span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">What
has been happening everywhere in Indian Affairs is that issues have
been depoliticized in some fields and repoliticized</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">in
others. Water rights, tribal exemption from taxation and tribal
jurisdiction have in a real sense, been re politicized</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">so
that they appear as clearly cleaned fields of significant content
that can be confronted add defined. Education, tribal sovereignty,
and Indian religion have in the converse manner been depoliticized;.
that is to say, the former policies in these fields reflected an
abstract set r of theories that worked themselves out.in political
decisions when the fields' that these decisions influenced were not
political at all. In the recognition of eastern Indian communities
with the new educational funds we must understand the process of the
depoliticizetion of education and a willingness by the
Federal government</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">and
the Indian people to view educational problems as capable,
of</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">solution. The
path to eventual solution of many of the educational and cultural
problems of American Indians will thus be clarified wil.th the
inclusion 4 of eastern Indian communities and not-their exclusion.
They are not after all, subjected to the massive rules and
regulations and' deliberate sabotage of programs that goes hand in
hand with the relationship of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
The solutions</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">that
are discovered by eastern Indian communities will be solutions
derived from communities that have suffered dissolution and survived.
The solutions that western Federal Indian communities find will
always be subject to arbitrary manipulation of outside forces such as
the Interior Department so that even data gathered from these
programs will have an-aspect of unreliability to it. There should he
no question of the eligibility of eastern Indian communities for
Federal educational grants if the Department of Health, Education and
Welfare is really serious about confronting 'the educational problems
of all American Indians. Only if the progress already made is
reversed on purely bureaucratic"grounds and education is once
again polititicized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs will the eastern
Indians be denied access to Federal educational</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">funds.
Such a move would be tantamount to admitting that the Federal
establishment does not consider education as.a serious venture in
which it should be involved. Since we have-cleared away so many
stumbling blocks in education and are now ready to confront the
really difficult problems of the education of children and especially
of Indian children, one would hope that the articulation of
"Indian-ness" discussed in this.paper would provide
additional information in the consideration of the nature of
education in American Indian communities. 191 - ) I c; tTypology -
Continuity With. ancestors 1. Tribals Choctaw' MiSsissippi
Seminole Florida Miccosukke Florida "Fullblood" Lokees.
North Carolina Coushattas Louisiana 2. Tribals in transition Chippewa
Ottawa Potawatomee Passamaquoddy Malecite Tunica (?) Reservation
Miccosukee 3. "Idealogized" tribals Mohawk Onieda Onondaga
Cayugas Seneca Tuscarora Penobscot (?) Michigan Michigan Michigan
Maine Maine Maine Florida New York New York ew York ew York N w York
'N York Ma ne 4. Resurgent peoples Wampanoag Masschusetts Nipmuc
Massa'husetts Narragansett Rhode Island Pequot Connecticut
Mohegan Connecticut Schaghticoke Connecticut Pangusett Connecticut
Niantic Connecticut "Shinnecock New York' Poosepatuck New York
Montauk New York Setauket New York Nanticoke Delaware Chickagominy,.
yirginia Paumunkey Virginia Mattapony Virginia. Pappahannock Virginia
Allamaha Georgia Creeks Alabama Appalachicola Florida Chitimacha
Louisiana - 192 - 1 "11 Biloxi Louisiana Waccomaw North Carolina
Cubans (Saponi?) North Carolina Catawba South Carolina 5.
Reconstituted peoples Lumbee Haliwa Edisto "Cajuns" Houna
(?) "Cherokees" Amherst County Keating Mt. "Cherokees"
6. Displaced peoples ,Melungeon Guineas Wesort North Carolina North
Carolina South Carolina Alabama Louisiana Virginia Pennsylvania
Kentucky, Tennesisee, Alabama & Ohio' West Virginia and Ohio
Maryland 7. City Indians </span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There
yet may be another category which would be numbered as seven. This
category would include certain communities, particularly in the
Middle Atlantic states, which seem to have formed as refuges for
deviants who were social outcasts</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">of
various racial and ethnic origins. The partial Indian origin
of these groups is really incidental. Mixed blood 'Indians simply
seem to have wandered into the area as refugees with other
refugees at the period of origin of these groups. The Indian
component in such communities is incidental to the formation of the
group /find is just one of the many racial strains which contributed
to the "pot:" Such a category might include such groups
as'the Jackson Whytes'of New York, the Pools of Pennsylvania, some of
the Piney families in New Jersey, and the like. Unfortunately, we do
not have enough data presently to\ r. "establish"
this'category. 193 - Footr:Otel 01 1._ Gilbert, William H., Jr. 1949
"Surviving Indian Groups of the Eastern United States,"
Annual:Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1948: 407-438. 2,-
Sturtevant, William C., and,!Samael ,tanley. 1968 "Indian
Communities in the Eastern United Stat," The Indian Historian
1:15-19. 1 3. Redfield Robert, "The Folk Society,"
Bobbs-Merrill Reprint, S-229, T1ie American Journal of Sociology,
Vol. LIr, January, 1947. 4. Speck, Frank G. 1928 "Chapters on
the Ethnology of the Powhatan Tribes of Virginia," Indian Notes
and Monographs 1, no. 5 227-455.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><br />
<br />
<br />
</p><br /><p></p><p></p>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-90284478103452480992020-12-15T21:50:00.000-08:002020-12-15T21:50:26.537-08:00And Here’s How It All Happened by Will Rogers November 26, 1932<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
And Here’s How It All Happened</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">November 26, 1932</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">St. Petersburg Times</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">by Will Rogers</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Well all I know is
just what I read in the papers or what I see as I prowl hither and
thither. With the election over everybody seems to have settled down
to steady argument.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The old hidebound
Republicans still think the world is just on the verge of coming to
an end, and you can kinder see their angle at that for they have been
running things all these years.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">I got a letter the
other day from a very prominent businessman in Los Angeles, Mr. Frank
Garbutt, the man that has made running of clubs a science, and not
just a business. He owns every club from the great Los Angeles
athletic club to beach clubs, golf clubs, to polo clubs. Now Frank is
the longest headed man you ever saw. Yet he said there wouldn’t be
a bank open in five months after Roosevelt took office. I don’t
know what these fellows figure the Democrats are going to do with the
country.</p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7hl99ZLWykU/X9mea0052BI/AAAAAAAACoM/CLfnyd9oiNMLe4QCFlJd1sYz_kjr4AN5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s958/will%2Brogers%2Btrickle%2Bup.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="958" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7hl99ZLWykU/X9mea0052BI/AAAAAAAACoM/CLfnyd9oiNMLe4QCFlJd1sYz_kjr4AN5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/will%2Brogers%2Btrickle%2Bup.png" width="320" /></a><br /></div>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Personally I could
never see much difference in the two “gangs.” They used to be
divided by the tariff. The tariff was originally supposed to aid the
man that manufactured things. Well, the Democrats of those days
didn’t manufacture anything but arguments, so they were against the
tariffs, but the south woke up one day and saw some spinning looms
advertised in the Montgomery Ward menu card, so they sent and got
some and started spinning their own cotton.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Well they had cheap
water power, cheap coal, cheap labor, and the Yankees started moving
their shops down from the north. Well the Democrats woke up on
another morning with a tariff problem on their hands. The South had
gone industrial in a big way. Well they started talking about a
tariff in bigger words than the north, so now that the South had got
‘em some smokestacks where they only used to have some mule sheds,
why they are just tariffing themselves to death. So that left the
principal dividing line between the two parties shot to pieces. You
can’t tell one from the other now. Course, the last few years under
Mr. Coolidge and Mr. Hoover there had grown the old original idea of
the Republican Party, that it was the party of the rich. And I think
that was the biggest contributing part in their defeat.<p></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7hl99ZLWykU/X9mea0052BI/AAAAAAAACoM/CLfnyd9oiNMLe4QCFlJd1sYz_kjr4AN5wCLcBGAsYHQ/s958/will%2Brogers%2Btrickle%2Bup.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">You would think a lot of folks would have their passage booked to some foreign land til the next election when they could get these Democrats back among the unemployed. Why they were in for eight years here not so long ago, from 1912 to 1920. Course I was just a boy and can’t remember back that far, but I have heard my dear old dad say there was some mighty good times, including a war thrown in for good measure.</span></a>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">I think the general
run of folks had kinder got wise to that. In the old days, they could
get away with it, but of late years, the rich had diminished till
their voting power wasn’t enough to keep a minority vote going.
This last election was a revulsion of feeling that went back a long
way ahead of the hard times. Mr. Hoover reaped the benefit of the
arrogance of the party when it was going strong.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Why, after that ’28
election, there was no holding ’em. They really did think they had
“hard times” cornered once and for all. Merger on top of merger.
Get two nonpaying things merged and then issue more stock to the
public. Consolidations and holding companies! Those are the
“inventions” that every voter that had bought during the “cuckoo”
days was gunning for at this last election.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">This sounds so much
like the derivatives market that led to the 2007-2008 collapse that
it gives me shivers. ~@kegill</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Saying that all the
big vote was just against hard times is not all so. They were voting
against not being advised that all those foreign loans was not too
solid. They were voting because they had never been told or warned to
the contrary that every big consolidation might not be just the best
investment. You know the people kinder look on our government to tell
‘em and kinder advise ‘em. Many an old bird really got sore at
Coolidge, but could only take it out on Hoover. Big business sure got
big, but it got big by selling its stocks and not by selling its
products. No scheme was halted by the government as long as somebody
would buy the stock. It could have been a plan to deepen the Atlantic
Ocean and it would have had the endorsement of the proper department
in Washington, and the stocks would’ve gone on the market.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">This sounds so much
like mortgage trickery that led to underwater loans that it gives me
shivers. ~@kegill</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">This election was
lost four and six years ago, not this year. They didn’t start
thinking of the old common fellow till just as they started out on
the election tour. The money was all appropriated for the top in the
hopes that it would trickle down to the needy. Mr. Hoover was an
engineer. He knew that water trickles down. Put it uphill and let it
go and it will reach the driest little spot. But he didn’t know
that money trickled up. Give it to the people at the bottom and the
people at the top will have it before night, anyhow. But it will at
least have passed through the poor fellows hands. They saved the big
banks, but the little ones went up the flue.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Another echo of the
“Great Recession” — saving the financial giants that got us
into the mess. ~@kegill</p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S4XUKaHlQb0/X9me0N__B5I/AAAAAAAACoU/R7Q4Pr2CmKIcagluDdMeA45x3GHsf2CTQCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/will-rogers-how%2Bit%2Bhappened%2B1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S4XUKaHlQb0/X9me0N__B5I/AAAAAAAACoU/R7Q4Pr2CmKIcagluDdMeA45x3GHsf2CTQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/will-rogers-how%2Bit%2Bhappened%2B1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">No sir, the little
fellow felt that he never had a chance, and he didn’t till Nov. 3,
and did he grab it? The whole idea of government relief for the last
few years has been to loan somebody more money, so they can go
further in debt. It ain’t much relief to just transfer your debts
from one party to another, adding a little more in the bargain. No, I
believe the “boys” from all they had and hadn’t done had this
coming to ’em.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Another source for
the essay: WillRogers.com, column number 518, page 183, pdf</p><br /></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-79617384844844971372020-11-29T01:38:00.001-08:002020-11-29T01:38:35.020-08:00Cognitive Dissonance in the Pandemic
The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in the Pandemic
The minute we make any decision—I think COVID-19 is serious; no, I’m sure it is a hoax—we begin to justify the wisdom of our choice and find reasons to dismiss the alternative.
JULY 12, 2020
Elliot Aronson and Carol Tavris
Social Psychologists
Members of Heaven’s Gate, a religious cult, believed that as the Hale-Bopp comet passed by Earth in 1997, a spaceship would be traveling in its wake—ready to take true believers aboard. Several members of the group bought an expensive, high-powered telescope so that they might get a clearer view of the comet. They quickly brought it back and asked for a refund. When the manager asked why, they complained that the telescope was defective, that it didn’t show the spaceship following the comet. A short time later, believing that they would be rescued once they had shed their “earthly containers” (their bodies), all 39 members killed themselves.
Heaven’s Gate followers had a tragically misguided conviction, but it is an example, albeit extreme, of cognitive dissonance, the motivational mechanism that underlies the reluctance to admit mistakes or accept scientific findings—even when those findings can save our lives. This dynamic is playing out during the pandemic among the many people who refuse to wear masks or practice social distancing. Human beings are deeply unwilling to change their minds. And when the facts clash with their preexisting convictions, some people would sooner jeopardize their health and everyone else’s than accept new information or admit to being wrong.
Cognitive dissonance, coined by Leon Festinger in the 1950s, describes the discomfort people feel when two cognitions, or a cognition and a behavior, contradict each other. I smoke is dissonant with the knowledge that Smoking can kill me. To reduce that dissonance, the smoker must either quit—or justify smoking (“It keeps me thin, and being overweight is a health risk too, you know”). At its core, Festinger’s theory is about how people strive to make sense out of contradictory ideas and lead lives that are, at least in their own minds, consistent and meaningful.
One of us (Aronson), who was a protégé of Festinger in the mid-’50s, advanced cognitive-dissonance theory by demonstrating the powerful, yet nonobvious, role it plays when the concept of self is involved. Dissonance is most painful when evidence strikes at the heart of how we see ourselves—when it threatens our belief that we are kind, ethical, competent, or smart. The minute we make any decision—I’ll buy this car; I will vote for this candidate; I think COVID-19 is serious; no, I’m sure it is a hoax—we will begin to justify the wisdom of our choice and find reasons to dismiss the alternative. Before long, any ambivalence we might have felt at the time of the original decision will have morphed into certainty. As people justify each step taken after the original decision, they will find it harder to admit they were wrong at the outset. Especially when the end result proves self-defeating, wrongheaded, or harmful.
The theory inspired more than 3,000 experiments that have transformed psychologists’ understanding of how the human mind works. One of Aronson’s most famous experiments showed that people who had to go through an unpleasant, embarrassing process in order to be admitted to a discussion group (designed to consist of boring, pompous participants) later reported liking that group far better than those who were allowed to join after putting in little or no effort. Going through hell and high water to attain something that turns out to be boring, vexatious, or a waste of time creates dissonance: I’m smart, so how did I end up in this stupid group? To reduce that dissonance, participants unconsciously focused on whatever might be good or interesting about the group and blinded themselves to its prominent negatives. The people who did not work hard to get into the group could more easily see the truth—how boring it was. Because they had very little investment in joining, they had very little dissonance to reduce.
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The term cognitive dissonance has since escaped the laboratory and is found everywhere—from op-eds and movie reviews to humor columns (as in The New Yorker’s “Cognitive Dissonances I’m Comfortable With”). But few people fully appreciate the mechanism’s enormous motivational power—and the lengths people go to in order to reduce its discomfort.
Read: This is not a normal mental-health disaster
For example, when people feel a strong connection to a political party, leader, ideology, or belief, they are more likely to let that allegiance do their thinking for them and distort or ignore the evidence that challenges those loyalties. The social psychologist Lee Ross, in laboratory experiments designed to find ways to reduce the bitter conflict between Israelis and Palestinians, took peace proposals created by Israeli negotiators, labeled them as Palestinian proposals, and asked Israeli citizens to judge them. “The Israelis liked the Palestinian proposal attributed to Israel more than they liked the Israeli proposal attributed to the Palestinians,” he told us. “If your own proposal isn’t going to be attractive to you when it comes from the other side, what chance is there that the other side’s proposal is going to be attractive when it actually comes from the other side?”
Because of the intense polarization in our country, a great many Americans now see the life-and-death decisions of the coronavirus as political choices rather than medical ones. In the absence of a unifying narrative and competent national leadership, Americans have to choose whom to believe as they make decisions about how to live: the scientists and the public-health experts, whose advice will necessarily change as they learn more about the virus, treatment, and risks? Or President Donald Trump and his acolytes, who suggest that masks and social distancing are unnecessary or “optional”?
The cognition I want to go back to work or I want to go to my favorite bar to hang out with my friends is dissonant with any information that suggests these actions might be dangerous—if not to individuals themselves, then to others with whom they interact.
How to resolve this dissonance? People could avoid the crowds, parties, and bars and wear a mask. Or they could jump back into their former ways. But to preserve their belief that they are smart and competent and would never do anything foolish to risk their lives, they will need some self-justifications: Claim that masks impair their breathing, deny that the pandemic is serious, or protest that their “freedom” to do what they want is paramount. “You’re removing our freedoms and stomping on our constitutional rights by these Communist-dictatorship orders,” a woman at a Palm Beach County commissioners’ hearing said. “Masks are literally killing people,” said another. South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem, referring to masks and any other government interventions, said, “More freedom, not more government, is the answer.” Vice President Mike Pence added his own justification for encouraging people to gather in unsafe crowds for a Trump rally: “The right to peacefully assemble is enshrined in the First Amendment of the Constitution.”
Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr.: States are using the pandemic to roll back Americans’ rights
Today, as we confront the many unknowns of the coronavirus pandemic, all of us are facing desperately difficult decisions. When is it safe to get back to work? When can I reopen my business? When can I see friends and co-workers, start a new love affair, travel? What level of risk am I prepared to tolerate? The way we answer these questions has momentous implications for our health as individuals and for the health of our communities. Even more important, and far less obvious, is that because of the unconscious motivation to reduce dissonance, the way we answer these questions has repercussions for how we behave after making our initial decision. Will we be flexible, or will we keep reducing dissonance by insisting that our earliest decisions were right?
Although it’s difficult, changing our minds is not impossible. The challenge is to find a way to live with uncertainty, make the most informed decisions we can, and modify them when the scientific evidence dictates—as our leading researchers are already doing. Admitting we were wrong requires some self-reflection—which involves living with the dissonance for a while rather than jumping immediately to a self-justification.
Understanding how dissonance operates reveals a few practical lessons for overcoming it, starting by examining the two dissonant cognitions and keeping them separate. We call this the “Shimon Peres solution.” Peres, Israel’s former prime minister, was angered by his friend Ronald Reagan’s disastrous official visit to a cemetery in Bitburg, Germany, where members of the Waffen SS were buried. When asked how he felt about Reagan’s decision to go there, Peres could have reduced dissonance in one of the two most common ways: thrown out the friendship or minimized the seriousness of the friend’s action. He did neither. “When a friend makes a mistake,” he said, “the friend remains a friend, and the mistake remains a mistake.” Peres’s message conveys the importance of staying with the dissonance, avoiding easy knee-jerk responses, and asking ourselves, Why am I believing this? Why am I behaving this way? Have I thought it through or am I simply taking a short cut, following the party line, or justifying the effort I put in to join the group?
Dissonance theory also teaches us why changing your brother-in-law’s political opinions is so hard, if not impossible—especially if he has thrown time, money, effort, and his vote at them. (He can’t change yours either, can he?) But if you want to try, don’t say the equivalent of “What are you thinking by not wearing a mask?” That message implies “How could you be so stupid?” and will immediately create dissonance (I’m smart versus You say I’m doing something stupid), making him almost certainly respond with defensiveness and a hardening of the belief (I was thinking how smart I am, that’s what, and masks are useless anyway). However, your brother-in-law may be more amenable to messages from others who share his party loyalty but who have changed their mind, such as the growing number of prominent Republicans now wearing masks. Senator Lamar Alexander from Tennessee said, “Unfortunately, this simple, lifesaving practice has become part of a political debate that says: If you’re for Trump, you don’t wear a mask; if you’re against Trump, you do... The stakes are much too high for that.”
Read: There’s no going back to ‘normal’
This nasty, mysterious virus will require us all to change our minds as scientists learn more, and we may have to give up some practices and beliefs about it that we now feel sure of. The alternative will be to double down, ignore the error, and wait, as Trump is waiting, for the “miracle” of the virus disappearing.
We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-13944913067403366242020-11-25T10:28:00.001-08:002020-11-25T10:28:38.106-08:00What Is Thanksgiving? by Thomas A. Ferguson
http://www.indigenouspeople.net/thanksgi.htm
What Is Thanksgiving?
by Thomas A. Ferguson
What do you think of, when asked about Thanksgiving?
We learned from the wisdom of our elders to thank the Creator for; Mother Earth... Father Sky... Grandfather Moon... our Uncles the Four Winds... our Cousins the Stars, and... our Brothers and Sisters the animals. The Algonquins believed that humans were not distinct from or superior to nature, but rather part of nature. We also believe that animals could take human form. Moreover, we believed that a long time ago, humans and animals spoke the same language. Then there was a cataclysm that upset the universe and only a few shaman retained the ability to speak with the animals. We thank the Creator for all our relatives, for what is good in the world, and for all our harvest, not just one crop, but all. We give thanks for the strawberry, it is the first berry of the new spring, we give thanks to the tree spirit, for the warmth it provides in our fires and the saps that flow in the fall, we honor the animal spirit, who laid down its life in order for the people to go on. Subsequently we give thanks for each harvest year round. It is said, when the Creator created the Universe, "He placed his hand on the Whole thing... so everything is spiritual." He never told us to separate anything... but to look upon everything that he has made us as holy and sacred and act accordingly with respect.
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The Thanksgiving the greater society celebrates, occurs during a beautiful time of the year; thus, Thanksgiving time means, as Joyce Sequichie Hifler so eloquently writes, ... the first hard freeze, the first spitting ice to rattle the dry autumn leaves. Early morning frost crystallizes grasses in rods of light. The last bit of bright color is gone from the woods... thus; a time of great solitude and for giving thanks for all the gifts provided for us by the Creator, especially for our families health and well being. Thanksgiving traditionally denotes a harmonious time in the cycle of seasons; further examination of the times suggest otherwise. For Algonquins, the beheading of King Philip, son of Chief Massasoyt, and the sale of the Wampanoags into slavery has a different connotation then being harmonious. During the time of the Puritans; every Church, every Synagogue, and every Quaker Meeting House was built on money generated from Indian slavery. (Professor Robert Venables)
Not many of our young understand the true history behind this most sacred celebration. Traditionally the many indigenous cultures that inhabited North America gave thanks to the Creator, not once a year, but after every harvest, be it agriculture or game. These celebrations would last for several days. One such celebration happened at Patuxet, alias New Plimmoth, now known as Plymouth Rock, in August of 1621. It is this celebration that many of us were taught to picture as the "First Thanksgiving." This view is based on the mythological concept and approach Western minds have when dealing with the various Native Populations .
There are interesting events leading up to what is termed "Thanksgiving." What is being celebrated in the USA and Canada is based on a mythological concept that must be addressed.
To create an example of this myth, I decided to do some research. I asked middle school, and university students: what comes to your mind, when I ask you about Thanksgiving? Most then gladly answered, in sort of the same fashion: "Some Pilgrims, who arrived at Plymouth, were fed by some Indians," and most of these students had the opinion that the Pilgrims were very religious and both the Native and the Pilgrim lived in harmony. The myth is perpetuated and evolves from the lack of understanding the true history - ninety-nine percent of North America's history is before contact.
August 11, 1620, a cold, and windy night, the Mayflower forced to anchor in the Bay of Paomet, alias Cape Cod. The Pilgrims were traveling to Jamestown, Virginia. As their precursor, Columbus, they too were lost. Running low on supplies, they anchored in the Bay of Cape Cod. On August 15, 1620, religious leaders such as William Bradford and Edward Winslow following a guide book published in Europe by Richard Hakluyt titled Virginia Richly Valued, lead these God-fearing Pilgrims to raid graves.(Mourt's Relation 1622) In the midst of this sacrilegious act they were discovered by the Nausets, the local indigenous band of Algonquins who subsequently chased the Pilgrims off the Cape. This is when the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth.
The Algonquin band of Wampanoags, openly welcomed the Pilgrims, taught them how to farm thus, providing them with food and saving them from starvation. The first Native American to encounter the Pilgrims was Samoset, who was a sagamore or chief of a distant band of Algonquins - the Morattiggons, he was on an extended fishing trip visiting the Wampanoags, when he boldly walked into the Pilgrims camp saluting them in English, bidding them welcome. The Englishman noted, that on Friday February 16, 1621, that Samoset by himself entered boldly into their camp saying "hello Englishman," and bidding them welcome. They also noted "he was a man of free speech, as far as he could express his mind." Samoset spent that first night with the Pilgrims describing to them the whole Country side, and of every Province, and of every sagamore, and their number of men, and strengths. Samoset stayed the night, leaving the Pilgrims the next morning.
Samoset returned, March 22, 1621, with Squanto, who is most popularized by American schools. He was the only surviving native of the Patuxet, known to the Pilgrims as New Plimmoth. Squanto had just returned from London (he was one of the first twenty captives sold by Hunt, a Master of a ship, who then sold them to Master Slanie who took them to Cornehill, England) and found, upon his return, that his people who had inhabited Patuxet had succumbed to an extraordinary plague. (this is the same village the Pilgrims are calling New Plimmoth) It was Squanto who taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, and to fertilize earthen mounds with fish i.e., herrings or shads. The following fall, after hunting fowl, the Pilgrims harvested 20 acres of corn, six acres of barley and peas all according to the manner of the Algonquin agriculturist, they invited the Sachem Woosamaquin otherwise known as Chief Massasoyt, (the Wampanoags chief who first welcomed the Pilgrims to share the land) to celebrate their harvest. Accepting, Chief Massasoyt brought five deer, and ninety of his men with him to the feast. So now we can sort of figure what was feasted on at the "First Thanksgiving:" a bird, corn, peas, roasted venison, and beer.
This feast lasted five days and was celebrated as a treaty, which was supposed to benefit both Algonquins and Pilgrims. Whether Massasoyt would have welcomed, let alone enter into an agreement with these Pilgrims had he known that the past August when the Mayflower crew were lost, hungry, and cold, they had blasphemously raided Indian graves in search for corn - to eat, and the personal artifacts of the dead - to reduce their enormous debt, no one will ever know. But within a generation of that treaty, the children of the Pilgrims who were at the first Thanksgiving, children not even born at the time of the feast, beheaded King Philip, son of Chief Massasoyt. They placed his head on a pole and left it in the fort for 25 years, as in a celebration. These children of the "First Thanksgiving," then sold the Wampanoag's and other Algonquin bands of people, without whom their parents would have almost certainly starved to death, into slavery in the Mediterranean and the West Indies.
The events over the years leading up to this betrayal paint a clearer picture of how this turn of events could of happened.
Chief Massasoyt had fathered two girls and three boys, and before his death he asked the General Court in Plymouth to give English names to his two sons. The Pilgrims subsequently named the former "Alexander" and the latter "Philip." After Alexander died, probably of poisoning, Philip became chief, and became known as "King Philip." According to Josephy, (The Patriot Chiefs, 1976) King Philip was as racially proud as an Indian ever was. He saw clearly what the colonists were doing to his people, and from the beginning recognized them as enemies who would have to be stopped. Despite the friendship between Massasoyt and the colonial authorities, and although, he was out numbered two to one, King Philip went to war. The interracial friction that resulted in this conflict had actually begun to spread years before his father's death. This was mostly because of trespassing issues, in which the natives had no such laws or understanding of such laws. Anger, mixed with anxiety, lead to an explosive situation. Anxiety with the continuing and regularly numbers of Englishmen who were arriving more and more often and who were providing material attractions that lured natives to them. Anger that Christianity was undermining the authority of the chiefs, and dividing the people.
Time and again the Indians patriotic attempts to maintain life and freedom were undermined and defeated by ancient animosities between the various tribes who were forced to deal with new European influence. The whites readily recognized the hostilities that existed among the various tribes they met, and from the beginning were quick to use these native rivalries, jealousies, enmities, and ambitions to their own advantage. They followed the "divide and conquer" policy and played ancient foes against one another for the benefit of themselves. This attitude, stemmed in part from the Aristotelian theory that some persons were by nature meant to be masters and others slaves, it combined with the divide and conquer tactics that worked so well for Columbus in the Caribbean and in Mexico for Cortes. Both of these pitting native against native.
It is no wonder these divide and conquer tactics worked so well, with King Philip's War, in the treachery committed by the traitor Alderman. To the God-fearing Puritans of New England, Philip was a satanic agent, "a hellhound, fiend, serpent, caitiff, and dog." Somehow, in their panic and wrath, they conceived of him as a rebel, leading a conspiracy and an uprising against established authority. It was as if invading Indians had landed on the coast of England and had then considered rebels and Englishmen who might have risen to throw them out. On August 12, 1676, the English, guided by Alderman who surrounded King Philip, and Annawon, Philip's war chief, while they slept. In the morning Philip was shot by Alderman, a traitor against his people.
We also learn from reading Josephy that when it was discovered that it was indeed Philip who was assassinated, the English broke into a cheer and exultantly decapitated and quartered the sachem's body and carried his head back to Plymouth, where in celebration, it was stuck on a pole and remained on public display for twenty-five years. These are the actions of the people who considered themselves to be "civilized," and the Native American to be "Savages."
In the end, my question: (what comes to your mind, when I ask about Thanksgiving?) turns out not to be so simple especially when one takes a closer look at the true history of this holiday which we are celebrating this week. What we should consider is that the Thanksgiving Celebration can actually be divided into three distinct celebrations; (1) traditional celebrations of thanksgiving to the Creator by the indigenous population, (2) the thanksgiving celebrated between Massasoyt, the Algonquin Chief of the Wampanoags, and the thankful pilgrims for the knowledge received by the natives; and, (3) the beheading of King Philip and the selling into slavery the offsprings of the natives of the first thanksgiving. Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-17583696359251058812020-11-04T22:03:00.001-08:002020-11-04T22:03:21.465-08:00Oatmeal Whoopie Pies<br /><div><br /></div><div><h2 class="_2cuy _509y _2vxa" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; direction: ltr; font-family: verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oatmeal Whoopie Pies<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px !important; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://www.facebook.com/images/emoji.php/v9/t34/1.5/20/1f60d.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; height: 20px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 20px;">😍</span></span><span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px !important; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://www.facebook.com/images/emoji.php/v9/t32/1.5/20/1f60b.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; height: 20px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 20px;">😋</span></span> Don't Lose This</h2><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; direction: ltr; font-family: verdana; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ingredients:</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; direction: ltr; font-family: verdana; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 cups brown sugar (light)</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; direction: ltr; font-family: verdana; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">3/4 cup butter or shortening</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; direction: ltr; font-family: verdana; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 eggs</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; direction: ltr; font-family: verdana; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1/2 teaspoon cinnamon</div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; display: inline; font-family: verdana; font-size: 14px;"><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 teaspoon baking powder</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 Tablespoons boiling water</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 teaspoon soda</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1/2 teaspoon salt</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 1/2 cups flour</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 cups Oatmeal (1 minute)</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QHUVy1WXvpE/X6OU8K-a6PI/AAAAAAAACmY/tyvg1x5iEw8TSkgMIedp4kf5JTMDBkL2QCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/Oatmeal%2BWhoopie%2BPies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="533" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QHUVy1WXvpE/X6OU8K-a6PI/AAAAAAAACmY/tyvg1x5iEw8TSkgMIedp4kf5JTMDBkL2QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Oatmeal%2BWhoopie%2BPies.jpg" /></a></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Directions:</span></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cream sugar and shortening. Add eggs one at time. Add salt, cinnamon and baking powder. Add soda that’s been dissolved in hot water. Gradually add the flour and oatmeal and mix well.</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Drop by rounded teaspoons (I use a large cookie scoop and mound high) onto greased cookie sheets). I always use parchment paper).</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bake at 350 for 8 to 10 minutes. I bake for 12 minutes for the large ones.</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cool and fill with “Whoopie Pie Filling.”</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Whoopie Pie Filling:</span></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 egg whites at room temp (beat until stiff)</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4 Tablespoons milk</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 teaspoons vanilla</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">4 cups sifted confectioner sugar</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 and 1/2 cups shortening (Crisco)</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Instructions:</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beat egg whites until stiff.</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mix egg whites (beaten) with milk, vanilla and 2 cups sifted confectioner sugar. Then beat in shortening (Crisco).</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Add remaining 2 cups confectioner sugar.</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spread a large dab of filling on one flat side of cooled cookies. Top with another cookie to form a sandwich pie.</div><div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Make sure you put plenty of filling in the middle, that’s what a Whoopie Pie is all about, taking a bite and having the filling all over your mouth…kids anyway! Whoopie!!!</div></span></div>Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-64568654416412319402020-09-20T22:54:00.001-07:002020-09-20T22:54:26.919-07:00Amish Apple Fritter Bread
Fadma AkirHomemade Recipes
·
Amish Apple Fritter Bread
INGREDIENTS
1/3 cup brown sugar
1/2 tsp. Cinnamon
1/2 cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, softened
2/3 cup sugar
2 eggs
2 tsp. Vanilla extract
1 1/2 cups all purpose flour
2 teaspoons baking powder
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/2 cup milk
1 1/2 cups diced apples (about 4 med apples) mixed with a little cinnamon and sugar to coat.
Powdered Sugar Glaze
1/2 cup powdered sugar
1/2 Tablespoon butter, softened
2 tablespoons milk
1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F4Ud6zGVowM/X2g_v_sotTI/AAAAAAAAClY/90IxVyetVEkHEWQxw0Rl60VVPmfvVcTVwCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/Amish%2BApple%2BFritter%2BBread.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="712" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F4Ud6zGVowM/X2g_v_sotTI/AAAAAAAAClY/90IxVyetVEkHEWQxw0Rl60VVPmfvVcTVwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Amish%2BApple%2BFritter%2BBread.jpg"/></a></div>
DIRECTIONS
Preheat the oven to 350°. Spray loaf pan with nonstick cooking spray so it slides out easily. Mix the first two ingredients, the brown sugar and cinnamon together in a bowl and set aside. In a large mixing bowl, beat together the sugar and butter until smooth. Beat in the eggs and vanilla until blended. In a medium bowl, stir together the flour, baking powder and salt. Add this mixture to the other and stir until well blended. Pour the milk into the batter and blend until smooth. Pour half the batter into the prepared loaf pan. Then add half of your chopped apple mixture. Pour the rest of the batter on top of the apples. Top with remaining apples and pat them slightly into the batter. Sprinkle with the brown sugar and cinnamon mixture you had set aside. Bake in a preheated oven until a toothpick inserted comes out clean, approximately 60 to 70 minutes. To make the powdered sugar glaze, blend the powdered sugar and butter together until smooth, mix in the milk and vanilla until a nice, smooth glaze consistency. Let the Apple fritter love cool about 30 minutes before pouring the glaze on top. Wrap up to give as gifts or slice into desired slices.
Middle apple layer with the apples mixed with Cinnamon & Sugar.
More apples patted into batter on top and then topped with the brown sugar mix.
Baking up golden brown like a giant apple fritter.
Just look at those chunky moist apples in the middle.
Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-37701272612937253312020-07-01T13:19:00.000-07:002020-07-01T13:29:00.113-07:00 Blueberry Moon: Waawiiyaatanong Resurgence <div style="text-align: center;">
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<i> MIINI GIIZIS,
Blueberry Moon 2020</i></div>
<i></i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><i> ᓃᐙᒃ ᒦᓇᐙ
ᓈᓂᒥᑕᓇ ᐊᔑᓃᔥ</i></i></div>
<i>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal; text-align: start;">LVNDBVCK@gmail.com | (419) 540 8589</span></i></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QyqyKDeRCvI/XvzuZfG8wDI/AAAAAAAACiE/_A5kTGd_6uoNPO53VKm5jNnlo4DDpzqCwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/blueberry%2Bresurgence-logo-jpeg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="1024" height="301" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QyqyKDeRCvI/XvzuZfG8wDI/AAAAAAAACiE/_A5kTGd_6uoNPO53VKm5jNnlo4DDpzqCwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/blueberry%2Bresurgence-logo-jpeg.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">(<b>with minor edits)</b></span></td></tr>
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BIISKAABIYANG</div>
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July 4th is a
symbolic colonizer ritual that weaponizes the land into a nation
state for settlers to celebrate the triumph of white supremacy. The
“freedom” celebrated on this day by millions of people, is a
formal representation of genocide and slavery by colonists. The
celebration of American independence on July 4th, signifies the
ongoing oppression of African Diasporic Peoples and Indigenous
Peoples of North America through a continuing legacy of stolen land
and stolen labor. This settler society on occupied Turtle Island
continues these traditions of violence and oppression to this day.
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In other words,
we will not lose our way.We will not disgrace the honor of our ancestors. Let us honor our relationships with the
sacred land and not colonial infrastructures & holidays rooted in
white supremacy.</div>
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<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
MIINI GIIZIS</div>
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This action of The
Waawiiyaatanong Resurgence is taking place during the blueberry moon.
During this blueberry moon, the blueberries are at their sweetest. We
also receive a beautiful amount of medicine from the thunderbirds
moments after the recent summer solstice; as the thunder and
lightning of summer storms herald us into the second half of the year
with great changes.</div>
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In the sacred spirit
of the story, it is said that when a young boy becomes a man he gets
thunder in his voice after a blueberry becomes stuck in his throat,
and this thunder medicine brings great depth and importance to his
voice.
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<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Anishinaabe,
sacred beings of the lands, and the diasporic Africans, sacred beings
stolen from their land, will join together in solidarity to form
spiritual bonds through ceremony to heal the land and exchange
ancestral knowledge. Our ceremony today has three intentions:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Our first intention
is to acknowledge the land and honor the spirits of the people who
have been destroyed by colonialism and its consequences. We seek to
uplift forgiveness with the spirits for not honoring our native ways
and falling into the traps of assimilation and erasure. We would also
bring clarity to a traumatic past, re-establish connection with the
land, and ask for guidance for the future.
</div>
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Secondly, we seek to
acknowledge the African diaspora by uplifting and honoring Black life
stolen by the colonial institutions. The displacement and enslavement
of African people to work this land, is disrespectful to the land and
its people. We therefore ask for healing for Black lives as they face
their own ongoing battle with the colonizers. We honor Black lives as
our relatives, acknowledging and helping to release the trauma the
colonial structures have imposed on Black lives. Our struggles are
intertwined.<br />
<br /></div>
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We uplift prayers to
our white accomplices and community members who likewise seek to
destabilize colonial power and uplift indigenous resurgence.
</div>
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MISI-ZAAGA’IGANI
ANISHINAABEG ZIIBAASKA`IGANAGOODAYAN</div>
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The jingle dress was
created by the Ojibwe people of The Mille Lacs Band of Anishinaabe
during the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919. It came as a dream to a
father who’s daughter was ill with the virus. His dream revealed
the new dress and dance that had the power to heal. When the dresses
were made, they were given to four women to perform the dance. When
the little girl heard the tinkling of the jingles, she became
stronger. During the big drum ceremony she was dancing again.
</div>
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<br /></div>
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The healing aspect
of the dance is carried through the sounds that the metal jingles
make as the dancer moves. We started making jingle dresses here as
soon as we lit the sacred fire, IshKode Meshkikwin, on May 30th,
2020. Our women & 2 spirits dance in these dresses to cleanse the
land of energies brought to it by colonial rule and oppression. July
4th is the right moment to perform this cleansing ceremony because of
its symbolism to the colonizers. We chose to cleanse the land at
Campus Martius, due to its history of use for colonial power and its
current ongoing symbol of gentrification, as known as settler
colonialism. Our purpose is to cleanse this land to prepare it for
the Anishinaabe, relative indigenous communities, and local
communities to thrive on it again without being haunted by poisonous
colonial legacies.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
WAAWIIYAATANONG
RESURGENCE</div>
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<br /></div>
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In what is commonly
referred to as Detroit, Anishinaabe math & science knowledge
unveils the language and the knowledge of the land here,
Waawiiyaatanong, where the land bends with the water.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Since May 30, 2020,
IshKode & The Aadizookaan have helped build and host the base for
The Waawiiyaatanong Resurgence. This is ground zero for the
Anishinaabe and other nation relatives to gather in Detroit and have
access to a sacred fire to support Native ancestral technology, Black
Life, and the ANCIENT FUTURE.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The goal of our
resurgence is to create political and social paradigm shifts that
will divert power away from the colonial patriarchy, and to an
indigenous matriarchy headed by women and two-spirited people. We
demand a halt to the continuous step of colonization by reinstituting
indigenous names for the land, re-indigenizing traditional knowledge
systems, and reestablishing sacred relationships with the land.
Colonialism flourished on a diet of stolen land and stolen labor.
Reviving the relationship to the land breaks the bonds of colonial
power.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sNB8wLlQ1oQ/Xvzu6WndATI/AAAAAAAACiM/9GYVOUEDyhkSqgXyFGCXD1UvUc3GyxfAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/dance%2Bjingle%2Bdance%2B%2Bmiini-giizis-blueberry-moon-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sNB8wLlQ1oQ/Xvzu6WndATI/AAAAAAAACiM/9GYVOUEDyhkSqgXyFGCXD1UvUc3GyxfAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/dance%2Bjingle%2Bdance%2B%2Bmiini-giizis-blueberry-moon-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Waawiiyaatanong
Resurgence is a movement rooted in Anishinaabe Meshkikiwiin;
uplifting original native organizing structures and protocols that
honor the sacred relationships to the land and creation. Ways to
think of this work is Language, Land, & Legend:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The original
LANGUAGE of the land, people, and creation of the Anishinaabe has had
its existence threatened by the violent history of settler
colonialism on Turtle Island. Restoring the language includes
renaming and replacing violent colonial words, organizing our
understanding of the passage of time around the moon cycle, and
sharing knowledge of medicine and the land. If the language dies the
people die. Restoring the language and sharing it with everyone
supports native lifeways and ways of being, and shares the original
connection with how people live their lives. The land speaks to
Indigneous peoples differently because our creation stories have to
do with the land. Working with the language in all types of ways
revitalizes it, and therefore revitalizes the people and the land.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The LAND provides us
with food, shelter, medicine, and self defense. Therefore, the land
is a member of our community and not something to exploit. The land
defends us and allows us to grow and develop and care for traditions.
Without the land, we would be dead.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Our relationship
with the land is extremely important. Part of our work is shifting
our relationship with the land back to Indigenous lifeways. Our goal
is to share community education about the land we live on as if it is
a part of our community or our family, in order to shift the paradigm
of how we relate to the land.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The land,
furthermore, is our mother and has been exploited and abused. This
exploitation and abuse has therefore leaked out to the women in our
community. The patriarchy is a colonial construct. Women, who move
with the moon, must lead us in repairing our relationship with the
land. Empowering women & 2 spirits in leadership directly defies
the patriarchy.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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When we speak about
“LEGEND” as a tool for the resurgence, we refer to the sacred
spirit of the story. Through telling our story, we give voice to our
experiences and generational trauma at the hands of the colonizers.
The art being created, including poetry, music, food, visual arts,
etc, are all legendary pieces of the resurgence. This is how we
celebrate. We are living the legend at the moment and we celebrate
our growth as we grow.<br />
<br />
Celebrating creativity and creation allows us
to share with each other in a way that’s uplifting and educational
for the community. Legends provide us with political education,
documentation, and synthesis of information. People have used legends
for thousands of years as tools of education, in order to be passed
down to future generations. This is exactly what we’re doing here.</div>
<br />Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-28304733400395677802020-05-29T00:55:00.003-07:002020-05-29T00:55:47.747-07:00Harlan Co Revolutionary War Plaque:Green descendents<br />
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<a class="_hli" data-hovercard-prefer-more-content-show="1" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001709555748&extragetparams=%7B%22__tn__%22%3A%22%2Cd%2AF%2AF-R%22%2C%22eid%22%3A%22ARAP7m85-7Xm1ybqh2JbWqVrsNefFCBBhE2BdXUe8CbIHZzB51VBh-jCCtznuXVeJECEnGO2YUN5SkV3%22%2C%22tn-str%22%3A%22%2AF%22%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/gayle.bausmith?__tn__=%2Cd%2AF%2AF-R&eid=ARAP7m85-7Xm1ybqh2JbWqVrsNefFCBBhE2BdXUe8CbIHZzB51VBh-jCCtznuXVeJECEnGO2YUN5SkV3&tn-str=%2AF" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gayle Prettyhawk Phillips Bausmith">Gayle Prettyhawk Phillips Bausmith</a></div>
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<div class="_xlr" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding: 0px 16px;">
<span class="fbPhotosPhotoContext" id="fbPhotoSnowliftContext" style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; width: auto;" tabindex="0">As Told by Danial Boone<br /><br />Posted 25 Jan 2012 by GaylePhillipsBausmith<br /><br />Descendants of Lewis J. GREEN Sr.First Generation<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"><br /><br />1. Lewis J. GREEN Sr. was born about 1724 in , Prince George County, Virginia. He died in Oct 1784 in Blue Spring Rd., Near Glasgow, Kentucky (then Virginia).<br /><br />He was a Private who served under Captain Robert McKenzie in Tennessee and Kentucky. He was stationed at Fort Nashboro in Nashville,Tennessee. He served in the French and Indian War.<br /><br />He enlisted in Capt Robert McKenzie's Co from Dinwiddie Co., VA at age 30 at the rank of Private in the French and Indian War and also served in the Rev War in VA.<br /><br />He was a vestryman in the church at Kilgore Station (Church of England? ) and was very brown in complexion.<br /><br />Lewis owned 41 acres of land adjacent to Porter's Fort in March of 1774.<br /><br />A story about Lewis Green, Sr. told by Daniel Boone<br />Occurred near the Clinch River<br /><br />Lewis and a brother-in-law, who resided near Blackmore's, on Clinch, about fifteen miles below Captain Gass' place, where Boone was sojourning, went out some considerable distance among the mountains to hunt. They selected a good hunting range, erected a cabin, and laid up in store's some jerked bear meat. One day when Green was alone, his companion being absent on the chase, a large bear made his appearance near camp, upon which Green shot and wounded the animal, which at the moment chanced to be in a sort of sink-hole at the base of a hill. Taking a circuit to get above and head the bear there being a slight snow upon the ground covered with sleet, Green's feet slipped from under him, and in spite of all his efforts to stop, himself, he partly slid and partly rolled down the declivity till he found himself in the sink-hole, where the wounded bear, enraged by his pain, flew at poor Green, tore and mangled his body in a shocking manner, totally destroying one of his eyes. When the bear had sufficiently gratified his revenge by gnawing his unresisting victim as as he wished, he suddenly departed, leaving the unfortunate hunter in a helpless and deplorable condition, all exposed, with his clothing torn in tatters, to the severities of the season.<br /><br />His comrade at length returning, found and took him to camp. After awhile, thinking it impossible for Green to recover, his companion went out on pretense of hunting for fresh meat, and unfeelingly abandoned poor Green to his fate, reporting in the settlements that he had been killed by a bear. His [Green] little fire soon died away from his inability to provide fuel. Digging, with his knife, a hole or nest beside him in the ground-floor of his cabin, he managed to reach some wild turkey which had been saved, and with them lined the excavation and made himself quite a comfortable bed; and with the knife fastened to the end of a stick, he cut down, from time to time, bits of dried bear meat hanging over head, and upon this he sparingly subsisted. Recovering slowly, he could at length manage to get about. When spring opened, a party, of whom Boone is believed to have been on, went from Blackmore's settlement to bury Green's remains, with the brute of a brother-in-law for a guide; and to their utter astonishment, they met Green plodding his way towards home, and learned the sad story of his sufferings and desertion. The party were so indignant that they could scarcely refrain from laying violent hands on a wretch guilty of so much inhumanity to a helpless companion. Green though greatly disfigured lived many years.<br /><br />Lewis married Elizabeth LAUDERDALE daughter of William LAUDERDALE about 1750 in , Culpepper County, Virginia. Elizabeth was born about 1730 in , Augusta County, Virginia. She died about 1805.<br /><br />Lauderdales are descended from James Maitland Lauderdale, the Emigrant, who settled in Pennsylvania around 1714. He is thought to have moved from southwest Scotland, where the Lauderdale name is known in the 18th century, to Northern Ireland and thence to North America. See History of the Lauderdales in America Heritage, 1998, Clint Lauderdale,<br /><br />We don't know from whom James Lauderdale, the Emigrant was descended, and he made no claims to be descended from the Earls of Lauderdale. Equally, he was firm in his assertion that he was a Maitland by origin, and this is the tradition which he handed down to his children and grandchildren and which was formally recorded by James Shelby Lauderdale in 1880. This refers to a meeting between his uncle Sam, and Dr David Lauderdale who met in 1830, and discovered that they shared a common family tradition. Another Lauderdale from New York was met in 1880 in St Louis with a similar tale.<br /><br />Lauderdale as a family name, not connected with the title, first appears in the Scottish parish records in Galloway in the early 18th century with the birth of Jean Lauderdale in 1737, the daughter of James Lauderdale at Beith, Ayr.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zufXwb54Whc/XtC-upenkII/AAAAAAAACho/tcpYirBglx0bXHEp8-UsthsI6MFIqXo4gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/harlan%2Bcounty%2Brev%2Bwar%2Bplaque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="350" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zufXwb54Whc/XtC-upenkII/AAAAAAAACho/tcpYirBglx0bXHEp8-UsthsI6MFIqXo4gCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/harlan%2Bcounty%2Brev%2Bwar%2Bplaque.jpg" width="302" /></a><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; width: auto;" tabindex="0"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; width: auto;" tabindex="0"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;">Maitlands have lived in or been connected with Galloway since 1360, and our understanding of James the Emigrant is that he came from that part of Scotland, so the combination of geography, name and his family tradition makes it almost certain that he was a Maitland by origin, and as such, related by blood to the Earls of Lauderdale, but not descended from them.<br /><br />Washington Co., VA<br />Elizabeth, who appears in the records of Washington County in 1797 as “old and infirm” and gave power of attorney to “my son-in-law Moses Foley.” She died about 1803, intestate. Appraisal of here estate was presented to the court by Zachariah Green</span></span></div>
Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-18137636933309515392020-05-20T00:23:00.000-07:002020-05-20T00:23:20.131-07:00"The Harlot, Slavery" Senator Charles Sumner May 19th, 1856<a href="https://www.lmghs.org/ourpages/auto/2013/12/17/48134047/1850andBleedingKans3.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.lmghs.org/ourpages/auto/2013/12/17/48134047/1850andBleedingKans3.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiu8ZHE8cHpAhVpU98KHSmxAr4QFjAJegQICRAB" style="background-color: white; color: #660099; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: nowrap;"></a><br />
<h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px; text-decoration: underline;">
Compromise of 1850 and Bleeding Kansas</h3>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">On May 19th, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner began delivering his infamous speech, "Crimes Against Kansas." It would take him five hours over two days to deliver the entire 112 pages, but the reverberations of the speech would be felt for years across the country, as well as in the Longfellow household.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In this speech, Sumner took up the crusade for abolition in earnest. He charged his fellow senat</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ors with allowing the extension of slavery into the territory of Kansas, causing fighting there and undermining the nation's democratic institutions. He also personally attacked Senators Stephen Douglas and Andrew Butler. Sumner used his oratorical wit to call Douglas a "noise-some, squat, and nameless animal," and to mock Butler's sense of chivalry in the speech's most famous quote. He charged Butler with taking: "a mistress . . . who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight—I mean, the harlot, Slavery."</span><br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Two days later, a member of the House and relative of Butler, Preston Brooks, beat Sumner with a cane for the speech.<br /><br />Back in Cambridge, Sumner's close friend, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, wrote in his journal: "Was walking in the garden, when Owen arrives, and in a voice broken by sobs tells me that Sumner has been brutally beaten in the Senate house by a Mr. Brooks…. O Southern 'chivalry!'" Sumner would spend part of his convalescence in western Massachusetts, Europe – and at the Longfellow house. It took Sumner three years to return to the Senate, though he never fully recovered from his injuries. This incident was a symptom of the larger debate over the institution of slavery in the United States and did much to further polarize the North and South. Sumner and Brooks became martyrs for their respective political causes. The event helped to push the country down the path to civil war five years later.<br /><br />- Ranger Anna<br /><br />[1856 lithograph cartoon depicting Preston Brooks' attack on Charles Sumner in the U.S. Senate chamber by John L. Magee. Courtesy <a data-hovercard-prefer-more-content-show="1" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=23982282139&extragetparams=%7B%22__tn__%22%3A%22%2CdK%2AF-R%22%2C%22eid%22%3A%22ARBuuZXQcUswmE_mxz61SlnXl_aP0JQmGLQb4HIHvfPg39H5a_6f7asv6yVemV1npkpU8qcOdPgth2UG%22%2C%22directed_target_id%22%3Anull%2C%22groups_location%22%3Anull%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/BostonAthenaeum/?__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARCZZxZq7QnqtEoTDWhiNL9G-P6jKnfH8FZeI0AKaOhvopZ-jV4C_5r4kL9tNfRn8MpxG1piTVavyT225l66CaTC8NqsLU4FUVC8Kw0waCRO3Mqt7nCqzx-gVBkdbMA0vjgC41Ed3AI4UsgKnjt1NeH7sljjIVewHcKC6ynTZs3BuMNSWbZT-uhzL6Q0HEMmBUJ8t5tC4eXZAsqCU21uD3hTmVvLnU5GWX2BaZwrb_HtCVVIpcJoGbEAp4PrA8COEyYh6H3JhJx-rV2IaasngoSyix-XQIRN2YWhnmee7f4_nNRslChwjpPuBfBPrWYN8TG_WXIMDyFK98f0cQtbm0wdCqUpU66ZFx3fFi2niIy3hHpOGxvRu4lSgi4u3MhSO7vRflV7WqeMDG77uU3WDCriAt8_jhbkBqVQhvpfow7XTH-DYDa9cSbbD62E2wy5rRuOQ3MreffA6CKWH5Nx81CF9SyxNbQ_6hLzPBFWGn2IHSocgYlbkj0sPJ4Qn6_BdMDJSo4cPDp8OtoN2iqQnA&__xts__%5B1%5D=68.ARBBgQiR7yBzyFFKiH36T7natSKzAknHcVFLgkD8faFwAiMCd_TSU7N1JWuvRWUwQjflM_OxE8-bmufla5e3b_VE5W65vYUazQq-GOyFysJkZjdsNQWmnMo5OVlWE-Qbv7jqnPoSED7slsePSRZcCoe3ZBDazkLI9EO3NUAjJ1pL5UUOBeoKMsEJmen2EVsgyevuY9Ht-cnEhrtkC6wKSZz6whcWNiGI6-boawWiPfPxTbPi5vxLwGKZn1nFzKfCB022qdCasJJzLWpEk8NNLrK6xdrmZ_fIE8De8lcHbexTkt46wyO2aqjPv6fz-6q-G5mkNmIx4WZOdxjJWcnNv8NNZJxBXD52KitgjYaFaK_WBS5b0Yz3vP--BIU0ngdBXUc4e9XDIfFsvN5rvqr3n6_abMBY51zRTrqhwKT3iyq0tR03Msu2KDicqQ1kJEnkpKfz0gqnuj4aUhmPmaKeAInB6lEgy3jorWVi_IIrlOn27hfEZ7f3UD9N9rzNpCAJJh3NTXLE_SCBENJ83KgnZLSSNCcCgvtkVBhJUIzE04WhSKgk&__tn__=K%2AF&eid=ARBuuZXQcUswmE_mxz61SlnXl_aP0JQmGLQb4HIHvfPg39H5a_6f7asv6yVemV1npkpU8qcOdPgth2UG" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">Boston Athenæum</a>]</span><br />
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The Compromise of 1850</h1>
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The plan was set forth. The giants — Calhoun, Webster, and Clay — had spoken. Still the Congress debated the contentious issues well into the summer. Each time Clay's Compromise was set forth for a vote, it did not receive a majority. Henry Clay himself had to leave in sickness, before the dispute could be resolved. In his place, Stephen Douglas worked tirelessly to end the fight. On July 9, President Zachary Taylor died of food poisoning. His successor, <span class="term" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.28px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;">MILLARD FILLMORE</span>, was much more interested in compromise. The environment for a deal was set. By September, Clay's Compromise became law.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10.6667px; text-align: left;">The "Great Compromiser," Henry Clay, introduces the <br />Compromise of 1850 in the Senate.</span></td></tr>
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California was admitted to the Union as the 16th free state. In exchange, the south was guaranteed that no federal restrictions on slavery would be placed on Utah or New Mexico. Texas lost its boundary claims in New Mexico, but the Congress compensated Texas with $10 million. Slavery was maintained in the nation's capital, but the slave trade was prohibited. Finally, and most controversially, a <span class="term" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11.28px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;">FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW</span> was passed, requiring northerners to return runaway slaves to their owners under penalty of law.</div>
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<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th style="background: rgb(254, 230, 131); border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; text-align: center;">North Gets</th><th style="background: rgb(254, 230, 131); border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; text-align: center;">South Gets</th></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">California admitted as a free state</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico territories</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Slaveholding permitted in Washington D.C.</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Texas loses boundary dispute with New Mexico</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Texas gets $10 million</td></tr>
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Who won and who lost in the deal? Although each side received benefits, the north seemed to gain the most. The balance of the Senate was now with the free states, although California often voted with the south on many issues in the 1850s. The major victory for the south was the Fugitive Slave Law. In the end, the north refused to enforce it. Massachusetts even called for its nullification, stealing an argument from John C. Calhoun. Northerners claimed the law was unfair. The flagrant violation of the Fugitive Slave Law set the scene for the tempest that emerged later in the decade. But for now, Americans hoped against hope that the fragile peace would prevail.</div>
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Shaybohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04301762741762448612noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4684836892356755567.post-78720985047537708052020-03-19T13:07:00.000-07:002020-03-19T13:07:42.449-07:00The Powell Memo: A Call-to-Arms for Corporations<br />
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<a class="series" href="https://billmoyers.com/series/moyers-and-company/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; font-size: 16px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-transform: uppercase;">MOYERS & COMPANY</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px;"><span class="fa fa-angle-double-right" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; outline: 0px; text-rendering: auto;"></span></span> <a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">The Powell Memo: A Call-to-Arms for Corporations</a></div>
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The Powell Memo: A Call-to-Arms for Corporations</h1>
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September 14, 2012<span aria-current="page" class="post-page-numbers current" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: georgia; font-size: 1.125em; margin-right: 6px; outline: 0px; text-align: right;">1</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: georgia; font-size: 1.125em; text-align: right;"> </span><a class="post-page-numbers" href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/" style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; font-family: georgia; font-size: 1.125em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: georgia; font-size: 1.125em; text-align: right;"> </span><a class="post-page-numbers" href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/" style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; font-family: georgia; font-size: 1.125em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; text-decoration-line: none;">Next </a></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">In this excerpt from </em><a href="http://books.simonandschuster.com/Winner-Take-All-Politics/Jacob-S-Hacker/9781416588696/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer — and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class</a><em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">, authors <a href="https://billmoyers.com/guest/jacob-hacker/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Jacob S. Hacker</a> and <a href="https://billmoyers.com/guest/paul-pierson/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Paul Pierson</a> explain the significance of the Powell Memorandum, a call-to-arms for American corporations written by Virginia lawyer (and future U.S. Supreme Court justice) Lewis Powell to a neighbor working with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.</em></div>
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<a href="https://d1uu3oy1fdfoio.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/bookjacket-WTA-Politics-150.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="'Winner-Take-All Politics' Book jacket" class="alignright size-full wp-image-2462" src="https://d1uu3oy1fdfoio.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/bookjacket-WTA-Politics-150.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: right; height: auto; margin-bottom: 1.625em; margin-left: 10px !important; margin-top: 0.4em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px;" width="129" /></a>In the fall of 1972, the venerable National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) made a surprising announcement: It planned to move its main offices from New York to Washington, D.C. As its chief, Burt Raynes, observed:</div>
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We have been in New York since before the turn of the century, because we regarded this city as the center of business and industry. But the thing that affects business most today is government. The interrelationship of business with business is no longer so important as the interrelationship of business with government. In the last several years, that has become very apparent to us.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">1</a>]</div>
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To be more precise, what had become very apparent to the business community was that it was getting its clock cleaned. Used to having broad sway, employers faced a series of surprising defeats in the 1960s and early 1970s. As we have seen, these defeats continued unabated when Richard Nixon won the White House. Despite electoral setbacks, the liberalism of the Great Society had surprising political momentum. “From 1969 to 1972,” as the political scientist David Vogel summarizes in one of the best books on the political role of business, “virtually the entire American business community experienced a series of political setbacks without parallel in the postwar period.” In particular, Washington undertook a vast expansion of its regulatory power, introducing tough and extensive restrictions and requirements on business in areas from the environment to occupational safety to consumer protection.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a>]</div>
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In corporate circles, this pronounced and sustained shift was met with disbelief and then alarm. By 1971, future Supreme Court justice Lewis Powell felt compelled to assert, in a memo that was to help galvanize business circles, that the “American economic system is under broad attack.” This attack, Powell maintained, required mobilization for political combat: “Business must learn the lesson . . . that political power is necessary; that such power must be assiduously cultivated; and that when necessary, it must be used aggressively and with determination—without embarrassment and without the reluctance which has been so characteristic of American business.” Moreover, Powell stressed, the critical ingredient for success would be organization: “Strength lies in organization, in careful long-range planning and implementation, in consistency of action over an indefinite period of years, in the scale of financing available only through joint effort, and in the political power available only through united action and national organizations.”[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">3</a>]</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: start;">U.S. President Richard Nixon holds a commission that he will present to Lewis F. Powell Jr., left, and another will be given to William Rehnquist, right, at a White House ceremony in Washington, D.C., Dec. 22, 1971. The two men were appointed to the Supreme Court by President Nixon. (AP Photo/Charles Tasnadi)</span></td></tr>
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<br />Powell was just one of many who pushed to reinvigorate the political clout of employers. Before the policy winds shifted in the ’60s, business had seen little need to mobilize anything more than a network of trade associations. It relied mostly on personal contacts, and the main role of lobbyists in Washington was to troll for government contracts and tax breaks. The explosion of policy activism, and rise of public interest groups like those affiliated with Ralph Nader, created a fundamental challenge. And as the 1970s progressed, the problems seemed to be getting worse. Powell wrote in 1971, but even after Nixon swept to a landslide reelection the following year, the legislative tide continued to come in. With Watergate leading to Nixon’s humiliating resignation and a spectacular Democratic victory in 1974, the situation grew even more dire. “The danger had suddenly escalated,” Bryce Harlow, senior Washington representative for Procter & Gamble and one of the engineers of the corporate political revival was to say later. “We had to prevent business from being rolled up and put in the trash can by that Congress.”[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">4</a>]</div>
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Powell, Harlow, and others sought to replace the old boys’ club with a more modern, sophisticated, and diversified apparatus — one capable of advancing employers’ interests even under the most difficult political circumstances. They recognized that business had hardly begun to tap its potential for wielding political power. Not only were the financial resources at the disposal of business leaders unrivaled. The hierarchical structures of corporations made it possible for a handful of decision-makers to deploy those resources and combine them with the massive but underutilized capacities of their far-flung organizations. These were the preconditions for an organizational revolution that was to remake Washington in less than a decade — and, in the process, lay the critical groundwork for winner-take-all politics.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px;">Businessmen of the World, Unite!</span></div>
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The organizational counterattack of business in the 1970s was swift and sweeping — a domestic version of Shock and Awe. The number of corporations with public affairs offices in Washington grew from 100 in 1968 to over 500 in 1978. In 1971, only 175 firms had registered lobbyists in Washington, but by 1982, nearly 2,500 did. The number of corporate PACs increased from under 300 in 1976 to over 1,200 by the middle of 1980.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">5</a>] On every dimension of corporate political activity, the numbers reveal a dramatic, rapid mobilization of business resources in the mid-1970s.</div>
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What the numbers alone cannot show is something of potentially even greater significance: Employers learned how to work together to achieve shared political goals. As members of coalitions, firms could mobilize more proactively and on a much broader front. Corporate leaders became advocates not just for the narrow interests of their firms but also for the shared interests of business as a whole.</div>
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Ironically, this new capacity was in part an unexpected gift of Great Society liberalism. One of the distinctive features of the big expansion of government authority in the ’60s and early ’70s was that it created new forms of regulation that simultaneously affected many industries. Previously, the airlines might have lobbied the Civil Aeronautics Board, the steel companies might have focused on restricting foreign competitors, the energy producers might have gained special tax breaks from a favorite congressman. Now companies across a wide range of sectors faced a common threat: increasingly powerful regulatory agencies overseeing their treatment of the environment, workers, and consumers. Individual firms had little chance of fending off such broad initiatives on their own; to craft an appropriately broad political defense, they needed organization.</div>
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Business was galvanized by more than perceived government overreach. It was also responding to the growing economic challenges it faced. Organization-building began even before the economy soured in the early 1970s, but the tumultuous economy of that decade — battered by two major oil shocks, which pushed up inflation and dragged down growth — created panic in corporate sectors as well as growing dissatisfaction among voters. The 1970s was not the economic wasteland that retrospective accounts often suggest. The economy actually grew more quickly overall (after adjusting for inflation) during the 1970s than during the 1980s.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">6</a>] But against the backdrop of the roaring 1960s, the economic turbulence was a rude jolt that strengthened the case of business leaders that a new governing approach was needed.</div>
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When he penned his influential memo, Lewis Powell was chair of the Education Committee of the Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber was one of a number of business groups that responded to the emerging threat by becoming much more organized. The Chamber doubled in membership between 1974 and 1980. Its budget tripled. The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) doubled its membership between 1970 and 1979.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">7</a>]</div>
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Recognizing that lawmaking in Washington had become more open and dynamic, business groups remade themselves to fit the times.</div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1b1b1b;">The expansion of the Chamber and the NFIB signaled not only a rise in the collective capacity of business; it brought a harder-edged form of mobilization. Composed disproportionately of smaller firms, these organizations were especially livid about the rise of government regulation. Big companies had an easier time absorbing the administrative costs of complying with new rules, and more opportunities to pass the costs on to consumers. Moreover, business associations based on a multitude of small firms proved especially capable of mobilizing mass outrage, which would turn out to be a very effective political weapon.</span><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b1b1b; outline: 0px;">
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Of course, big business fought back as well. In 1972, three business organizations merged to form the Business Roundtable, the first business association whose membership was restricted to top corporate CEOs. In part at the urging of Bryce Harlow, lobbyist for Procter & Gamble, this new organization combined two groups focused on relatively narrow business issues with an informal organization called the March Group. The March Group had grown out of a meeting with top Nixon administration officials and prominent executives and was designed to bring together many of the nation’s most powerful CEOs. Within five years the new mega-organization had enlisted 113 of the top Fortune 200 companies, accounting for nearly half of the economy.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">8</a>]</div>
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The Business Roundtable quickly developed into a formidable group, designed to mobilize high-level CEOs as a collective force to lobby for the advancement of shared interests. President Ford’s deputy treasury secretary Charls Walker, a leading corporate organizer about whom we’ll say more in a moment, later put it this way: “The Roundtable has made a lot of difference. They know how to get the CEOs into Washington and lobby; they maintain good relationships with the congressional staffs; they’ve just learned a lot about Washington they didn’t know before.”[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">9</a>]</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px;">Keeping Up With the Naders</span></div>
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The role of the business community not only grew but expanded, shifting into new modes of organization that had previously been confined to its critics. Recognizing that lawmaking in Washington had become more open and dynamic, business groups remade themselves to fit the times. The expanding network of business groups would soon be capable of hoisting the public interest groups on their own petards. Using rapidly emerging tools of marketing and communications, they learned how to generate mass campaigns. Building networks of employees, shareholders, local companies, and firms with shared interests (for example, retailers and suppliers), they could soon flood Washington with letters and phone calls. Within a few years, these classically top-down organizations were to thrive at generating “bottom up”–style campaigns that not only matched the efforts of their rivals but surpassed them.</div>
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These emerging “outside” strategies were married to “inside” ones. Business organizations developed lists of prominent executives capable of making personal contacts with key legislative figures. In private meetings organized by the Conference Board, CEOs compared notes and discussed how to learn from and outmaneuver organized labor. In the words of one executive, “If you don’t know your senators on a first-name basis, you are not doing an adequate job for your stockholders.”[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">10</a>]</div>
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Business also massively increased its political giving — at precisely the time when the cost of campaigns began to skyrocket (in part because of the ascendance of television). The insatiable need for cash gave politicians good reason to be attentive to those with deep pockets. Business had by far the deepest pockets, and was happy to make contributions to members of both parties. Clifton Garvin, chairman of both Exxon and the Business Roundtable in the early 1980s, summarized the attitude toward partisanship this way: “The Roundtable tries to work with whichever political party is in power. We may each individually have our own political alliances, but as a group the Roundtable works with every administration to the degree they let us.”[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">11</a>]</div>
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The newly mobilized business groups understood that Democrats and Republicans could play distinct but complementary roles. As the party with a seemingly permanent lock on Congress, Democrats needed to be pried away from their traditional alliance with organized labor. Money was key here: From the late 1970s to the late 1980s, corporate PACs increased their expenditures in congressional races nearly fivefold. Labor PAC spending only rose about half as fast. In the early 1970s, business PACs contributed less to congressional races overall than labor PACs did. By the mid-1970s, the two were at rough parity, and by the end of the decade, business PACs were way ahead. By 1980, unions accounted for less than a quarter of all PAC contributions — down from half six years earlier. The shift was largest among Democrats, who were of course the most reliant on labor money: Nearly half of Senate incumbents’ campaign funds came from labor PACs in the mid-1970s. A decade later, the share was below one-fifth.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote12" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">12</a>]</div>
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By this time, however, business PACs were shifting away from their traditional focus on buttering up (mostly Democratic) incumbents toward a strategy that mixed donations to those in power with support for conservative political challengers. Such a pattern was evident in the critical election year of 1978. Through September of the election season, nearly half of corporate campaign contributions flowed into Democrats’ coffers. In the crucial weeks before the 1978 election, however, only 29 percent did. By the end of the 1978 campaign, more than 60 percent of corporate contributions had gone to Republicans, both GOP challengers and Republican incumbents fighting off liberal Democrats.[<a href="https://billmoyers.com/content/the-powell-memo-a-call-to-arms-for-corporations/2/#footnote13" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">13</a>] A new era of campaign finance was born: Not only were corporate contributions growing ever bigger, Democrats had to work harder for them. More and more, to receive business largesse, they had to do more than hold power; they had to wield it in ways that business liked.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px;">Read</span> the <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/campaign-blog/the-lewis-powell-memo-corporate-blueprint-to-/blog/36466/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Powell Memo</a>. (<a href="https://d1uu3oy1fdfoio.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Lewis-Powell-Memo.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Download</a> the PDF.)</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px;">Footnotes</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>1. <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">National Journal</em>, 1974, 14.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>2. David Vogel, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America</em> (New York: Basic Books, 1989), 59; R. Shep Melnick, “From Tax-and-Spend to Mandate-and-Sue: Liberalism After the Great Society,” in <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism</em>, Sidney Milkis and Jerome Mileur, eds. (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>3. Lewis Powell, “Confidential Memorandum: Attack on the Free Enterprise System,” August 23, 1971, quoted in Kim Phelps-Fein, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan</em> (New York: Norton, 2009), 158, 160.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>4. Thomas Byrne Edsall, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">The New Politics of Inequality</em> (New York: Norton, 1984), 114.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>5. Vogel, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Fluctuating Fortunes</em>, ch. 8.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>6. Calculated from <a href="http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdplev.xls" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdplev.xls</a>.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>7. Ibid., 198.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>8. Vogel, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Fluctuating Fortunes</em>, 198; John Judis, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of Public Trust</em> (Pantheon: New York, 2000), 121.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>9. Quoted in Sidney Blumenthal, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">The Rise of the Counter-Establishment: From Conservative Ideology to Political Power</em> (New York: Times Books, 1986), 80.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>10. Quoted in Leonard Silk and David Vogel, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Ethics and Profits: The Crisis of Confidence in American Business</em> (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), 65.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>11. Blumenthal, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Rise of the Counter-Establishment</em>, 78.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote12" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>12. Taylor E. Dark, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance</em> (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), 149.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; outline: 0px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="footnote13" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px;"></a>13. Vogel, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Fluctuating Fortunes</em>, ch. 8</li>
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Excerpt from <a href="http://books.simonandschuster.com/Winner-Take-All-Politics/Jacob-S-Hacker/9781416588696/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1982d1; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Winner -Take-All Politics</em></a> by Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson<br style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;" />Copyright © 2010 by Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson. Reprinted by permission of Simon & Schuster, Inc, NY. For more information please visit www.SimonandSchuster.com.</div>
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