Machines of War: Blackwater, Monsanto, and Bill Gates

Silvia Ribeiro

La Jornada

14.Oct.2010

A report by Jeremy Scahill in The Nation (Blackwater's Black Ops, 9/15/2010) revealed that the largest mercenary army in the world, Blackwater (now called Xe Services) clandestine intelligence services was sold to the multinational Monsanto. Blackwater was renamed in 2009 after becoming famous in the world with numerous reports of abuses in Iraq, including massacres of civilians. It remains the largest private contractor of the U.S. Department of State "security services," that practices state terrorism by giving the government the opportunity to deny it.

Many military and former CIA officers work for Blackwater or related companies created to divert attention from their bad reputation and make more profit selling their nefarious services-ranging from information and intelligence to infiltration, political lobbying and paramilitary training - for other governments, banks and multinational corporations. According to Scahill, business with multinationals, like Monsanto, Chevron, and financial giants such as Barclays and Deutsche Bank, are channeled through two companies owned by Erik Prince, owner of Blackwater: Total Intelligence Solutions and Terrorism Research Center. These officers and directors share Blackwater.

One of them, Cofer Black, known for his brutality as one of the directors of the CIA, was the one who made contact with Monsanto in 2008 as director of Total Intelligence, entering into the contract with the company to spy on and infiltrate organizations of animal rights activists, anti-GM and other dirty activities of the biotech giant.

Contacted by Scahill, the Monsanto executive Kevin Wilson declined to comment, but later confirmed to The Nation that they had hired Total Intelligence in 2008 and 2009, according to Monsanto only to keep track of "public disclosure" of its opponents. He also said that Total Intelligence was a

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"totally separate entity from Blackwater."

However, Scahill has copies of emails from Cofer Black after the meeting with Wilson for Monsanto, where he explains to other former CIA agents, using their Blackwater e-mails, that the discussion with Wilson was that Total Intelligence had become "Monsanto's intelligence arm," spying on activists and other actions, including "our people to legally integrate these groups." Total Intelligence Monsanto paid $ 127,000 in 2008 and $ 105,000 in 2009.

No wonder that a company engaged in the "science of death" as Monsanto, which has been dedicated from the outset to produce toxic poisons spilling from Agent Orange to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), pesticides, hormones and genetically modified seeds, is associated with another company of thugs.

Almost simultaneously with the publication of this article in The Nation, the Via Campesina reported the purchase of 500,000 shares of Monsanto, for more than $23 million by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which with this action completed the outing of the mask of "philanthropy." Another association that is not surprising.

It is a marriage between the two most brutal monopolies in the history of industrialism: Bill Gates controls more than 90 percent of the market share of proprietary computing and Monsanto about 90 percent of the global transgenic seed market and most global commercial seed. There does not exist in any other industrial sector monopolies so vast, whose very existence is a negation of the vaunted principle of "market competition" of capitalism. Both Gates and Monsanto are very aggressive in defending their ill-gotten monopolies.

Although Bill Gates might try to say that the Foundation is not linked to his business, all it proves is the opposite: most of their donations end up favoring the commercial investments of the tycoon, not really "donating" anything, but instead of paying taxes to the state coffers, he invests his profits in where it is favorable to him economically, including propaganda from their supposed good intentions. On the contrary, their "donations" finance projects as destructive as geoengineering or replacement of natural community medicines for high-tech patented medicines in the poorest areas of the world. What a coincidence, former Secretary of Health Julio Frenk and Ernesto Zedillo are advisers of the Foundation.

Like Monsanto, Gates is also engaged in trying to destroy rural farming worldwide, mainly through the "Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa" (AGRA). It works as a Trojan horse to deprive poor African farmers of their traditional seeds, replacing them with the seeds of their companies first, finally by genetically modified (GM). To this end, the Foundation hired Robert Horsch in 2006, the director of Monsanto. Now Gates, airing major profits, went straight to the source.

Blackwater, Monsanto and Gates are three sides of the same figure: the war machine on the planet and most people who inhabit it, are peasants, indigenous communities, people who want to share information and knowledge or any other who does not want to be in the aegis of profit and the destructiveness of capitalism.

* The author is a researcher at ETC Group

Why is the Gates foundation investing in GM giant Monsanto?

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's investments in Monsanto and Cargill have come under heavy criticism. Is it time for the foundation to come clean on its visions for agriculture in developing countries?

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A Romanian farmer shows genetically modified soybeans in the village of Varasti. Photograph: Reuters

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which is sponsoring the Guardian's Global development site is being heavily criticised in Africa and the US for getting into bed not just with notorious GM companyMonsanto, but also with agribusiness commodity giant Cargill.

Trouble began when a US financial website published the foundation's annual investment portfolio, which showed it had bought 500,000 Monsanto shares worth around $23m. This was a substantial increase in the last six months and while it is just small change for Bill and Melinda, it has been enough to let loose their fiercest critics.

Seattle-based Agra Watch - a project of the Community Alliance for Global Justice - was outraged. "Monsanto has a history of blatant disregard for the interests and well being of small farmers around the world… [This] casts serious doubt on the foundation's heavy funding of agricultural development in Africa," it thundered.

But it got worse. South Africa-based watchdog the African Centre for Biosafety then found that the foundation was teaming up with Cargill in a $10m project to "develop the soya value chain" in Mozambique and elsewhere. Who knows what this corporate-speak really means, but in all probability it heralds the big time introduction of GM soya in southern Africa.

The two incidents raise a host of questions for the foundation. Few people doubt that GM has a place in Africa, but is Gates being hopelessly naïve by backing two of the world's most aggressive agri-giants? There is, after all, genuine concern at governmental and community level that the United State's model of extensive hi-tech farming is inappropriate for most of Africa and should not be foist on the poorest farmers in the name of "feeding the world".

The fact is that Cargill is a faceless agri-giant that controls most of the world's food commodities and Monsanto has been blundering around poor Asian countries for a decade giving itself and the US a lousy name for corporate bullying. Does Gates know it is in danger of being caught up in their reputations, or does the foundation actually share their corporate vision of farming and intend to work with them more in future?

The foundation has never been upfront about its vision for agriculture in the world's poorest countries, nor the role of controversial technologies like GM. But perhaps it could start the debate here?

In the meantime, it could tell us how many of its senior agricultural staff used to work for Monsanto or Cargill?

Bill Gates, Monsanto, and Eugenics

How one of the world's wealthiest men is actively promoting a corporate takeover of global agriculture

Learn more:http://www.naturalnews.com/035105_Bill_Gates_Monsanto_eugenics.html#ixzz1nowkDp3i

(NaturalNews) 

After it was exposed that the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the philanthropic brainchild of Microsoft founder Bill Gates, purchased 500,000 shares in Monsanto back in 2010 valued at more than $23 million, it became abundantly clear that this so-called benevolent charity is up to something other than eradicating disease and feeding the world's poor (http://www.guardian.co.uk). It turns out that the Gates family legacy has long been one of trying to dominate and control the world's systems, including in the areas of technology, medicine, and now agriculture.

The Gates Foundation, aka the tax-exempt Gates Family Trust, is currently in the process of spending billions of dollars in the name of humanitarianism to establish a global food monopoly dominated by genetically-modified (GM) crops and seeds. And based on the Gates family's history of involvement in world affairs, it appears that one of its main goals besides simply establishing corporate control of the world's food supply is to reduce the world's population by a significant amount in the process.

William H. Gates Sr., former head of eugenics group Planned Parenthood

Bill Gates' father, William H. Gates Sr., has long been involved with the eugenics group Planned Parenthood, a rebranded organization birthed out of the American Eugenics Society. In a 2003 interview with PBS' Bill Moyers, Bill Gates admitted that his father used to be the head of Planned Parenthood, which was founded on the concept that most human beings are just "reckless breeders" and "human weeds" in need of culling (http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_gates.html).

Gates also admitted during the interview that his family's involvement in reproductive issues throughout the years has been extensive, referencing his own prior adherence to the beliefs of eugenicist Thomas Robert Malthus, who believed that populations of the world need to be controlled through reproductive restrictions. Though Gates claims he now holds a different view, it appears as though his foundation's initiatives are just a modified Malthusian approach that much more discreetly reduces populations through vaccines and GMOs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus).

Gates Foundation has invested heavily in converting Asian, African agricultural systems to GMOs

William Gates Sr.'s association with Planned Parenthood and continued influence in the realm of "population and reproductive health" is significant because Gates Sr. is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (http://www.gatesfoundation.org/leadership/Pages/william-gates-sr.aspx). This long-time eugenicist "guides the vision and strategic direction" of the Gates Foundation, which is currently heavily focused on forcing GMOs on Africa via its financing of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).

The Gates Foundation has admittedly given at least $264.5 million in grant commitments to AGRA (www.gatesfoundation.org/about/Documents/BMGFFactSheet.pdf), and also reportedly hired Dr. Robert Horsch, a former Monsanto executive for 25 years who developed Roundup, to head up AGRA back in 2006. According to a report published in La Via Campesina back in 2010, 70 percent of AGRA's grantees in Kenya work directly with Monsanto, and nearly 80 percent of the Gates Foundation funding is devoted to biotechnology (http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21606.cfm).

The same report explains that the Gates Foundation pledged $880 million in April 2010 to create the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), which is a heavy promoter of GMOs. GAFSP, of course, was responsible for providing $35 million in "aid" to earthquake-shattered Haiti to be used for implementing GMO agricultural systems and technologies.

Back in 2003, the Gates Foundation invested $25 million in "GM (genetically modified) research to develop vitamin and protein-enriched seeds for the world's poor," a move that many international charities and farmers groups vehemently opposed (http://healthfreedoms.org). And in 2008, the Gates Foundation awarded $26.8 million to Cornell University to research GM wheat, which is the next major food crop in the crosshairs of Monsanto's GM food crop pipeline (http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21606.cfm).

If you control agriculture, you control the populations of the world

The Gates Foundation's ties with Monsanto and corporate agriculture in general speak volumes about its real agenda, which is to create a monopolistic system of world control in every area of human life. Vaccines, pharmaceuticals, GMOs, reproductive control, weather manipulation, global warming -- these and many other points of entry are the means by which the Gates Foundation is making great strides to control the world by pretending to help improve and save it.

Rather than promote real food sovereignty and address the underlying political and economic issues that breed poverty, Gates and Co. has instead embraced the promotion of corporately-owned and controlled agriculture and medicine paradigms that will only further enslave the world's most impoverished. It is abundantly evident that GMOs have ravished already-impoverished people groups by destroying their native agricultural systems, as has been seen in India (http://www.naturalnews.com/030913_Monsanto_suicides.html).

Some may say Gates' endeavors are all about the money, while others may say they are about power and control. Perhaps it is a combination of both, where Gates is still in the business of promoting his own commercial investments, which includes buying shares in Monsanto while simultaneously investing in programs to promote Monsanto.

Whatever the case may be, there is simply no denying that Gates now has a direct interest in seeing Monsanto succeed in spreading GMOs around the world. And since Gates is openly facilitating Monsanto's growth into new markets through his "humanitarian" efforts, it is clear that the Gates family is in bed with Monsanto.

"Although Bill Gates might try to say that the Foundation is not linked to his business, all it proves is the opposite: most of their donations end up favoring the commercial investments of the tycoon, not really "donating" anything, but instead of paying taxes to state coffers, he invests his profits in where it is favorable to him economically, including propaganda from their supposed good intentions," wrote Silvia Ribeiro in the Mexican news source La Jornada back in 2010.

"On the contrary, their 'donations' finance projects as destructive as geoengineering or replacement of natural community medicines for high-tech patented medicines in the poorest areas of the world ... Gates is also engaged in trying to destroy rural farming worldwide, mainly through the 'Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa' (AGRA). It works as a Trojan horse to deprive poor African farmers of their traditional seeds, replacing them with the seeds of their companies first, finally by genetically modified (GM)."

Sources for this article include:

http://www.guardian.co.uk

http://www.seattleglobaljustice.org

http://english.pravda.ru

http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21606.cfm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society

http://www.naturalnews.com/033148_seed_companies_Monsanto.html

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/035105_Bill_Gates_Monsanto_eugenics.html#ixzz1nowRh3Gb

Consolidation of seed companies dominates world food supply

Consolidation of seed companies leading to corporate domination of world food supply

(NaturalNews)

Throughout the history of agriculture across the globe, farming has always been a diversified sector of the economy. Small, self-sustaining, family farms were the order of the day in most cultures. Even as small farms grew larger and more specialized over time, many of them still saved seeds or purchased them from other farmers, which kept control of farming in the hands of the people.

But today everything has changed, as large chemical and agribusiness firms have acquired or merged with seed companies and other agricultural input companies. They have successfully gained a foothold on genetically-modified (GM) crops with transgenic traits.

These primary factors and several others have facilitated a crescendo towards the global domination of agriculture by corporations, and thus the world's food supply.

The dismal state in which we find ourselves today did not come overnight, of course, but it did pick up rapid speed after the introduction of GM crops in the mid-1990s. Since that time, multinational corporations like Monsanto, DuPont, and Syngenta have seized a significant amount of control over the global seed industry, which has greatly limited agricultural diversity and freedom.

The ability to patent both seeds and seed traits has also added injury to insult, as the ability to obtain natural or heirloom seeds is becoming increasingly difficult, and many farmers feel they have no choice but to go with the flow.

Professor Philip H. Howard from the Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies at Michigan State University published a study in 2009 entitled Visualizing Consolidation in the Global Seed Industry: 1996 - 2008 that analyzes the trend in agriculture towards corporate dominance.

The report, which was featured in a special issue of the journal Renewable Agriculture, provides both an extensive data analysis of agriculture's dramatic transformation over the past several decades, as well as a highly-informative visual analysis of this truly shocking hostile takeover situation.

The 'Big Six" pharmaceutical and chemical companies have acquired, created joint ventures with hundreds of seed companies over the past 15 years

In order to help assist his readers in understanding the state of the seed industry, Prof. Howard developed a very informative graphic that displays the reality of who really controls the seed industry.

Monsanto, DuPont, Syngenta, Bayer, Dow, and BASF collectively own or partially-own hundreds of formerly-independent seed companies -- and Monsanto, of course, dominates them all.

You can view the graphic for yourself at the following link:

http://www.naturalnews.com/files/seedindustry.pdf

As you will see, the blue circles in the diagram represent seed companies, while the red circles -- which happen to all be chemical or pharmaceutical companies -- control the vast majority of them. Solid gray arrows indicate complete ownership of a company, while gray lines indicate partial ownership.

One of the most obvious first impressions to be gathered from the diagram is Monsanto's excessive and widespread control over the seed industry. According to Prof. Howard's analysis, Monsanto acquired more than 50 seed companies just during the time represented by his study period, which spans the years between 1996 and 2008.

Monsanto had little-to-no involvement in the seed industry prior to the mid-1980s, but since that time has been rapidly eating up seed companies and furthering its development and control over the food supply through GMOs. Today, Monsanto is the world's largest seed company, and the transnational behemoth continues to acquire or otherwise create "partnerships" with various independent seed companies that are still in existence.

Behind Monsanto, the other five of the "Big Six" that Prof. Howard illustrates -- DuPont, Syngenta, Bayer, Dow, and BASF -- collectively own or control a great portion of the remaining major seed companies not owned or controlled by Monsanto. And one of the biggest factors that has contributed to this dismal setup is GMOs and transgenic, patentable seed traits that are shared among the industry players.

The "Big Six" each have agreements with one or more of the others; their overall success has largely hinged on GMOs and increased control of agricultural inputs

The only thing worse than Monsanto and the dominance of the seed market are the cozy relationships with one another. Prof. Howard's analysis reveals that every company in the "Big Six" has at least one mutual relationship with one another, and they together share corporate control of the seed industry.

Monsanto has established cross-licensing agreements for its transgenic patents with every single other company in the mix, while Dow has agreements with all except for Bayer. And Syngenta has agreements with Dow, Monsanto, and DuPont, while BASF has agreements with Dow and Monsanto.

What does this all mean? It means that the already-disturbing oligarchy that controls the seed industry is shaping up to become a total monopoly with Monsanto at the helm, of course. And as transgenic technology continues to develop, which forces farmers to either go with the flow or leave the business, there may soon be no other choices in farming besides whatever Monsanto has to offer.

One would think that farmers would be more aware of this takeover and resist it. But the "Big Six" effectively fly under the radar, in most cases, by selling their seeds and chemicals through various vendors and under different names. According to Prof. Howard, this is how they effectively maintain an illusion of competition and choice in the midst of their takeover.

How things got this bad and how the situation can be fixed

Real competition in the seed industry has been systematically deconstructed over the years for numerous reasons. Besides blatant industry consolidation and takeover by drug and chemical companies, many farmers have simply been willing to accept the latest seed technologies, even when it has meant having to give up their seed saving freedom, and being forced to rely on the intensive use of chemicals and other synthetic interventions in order to farm.

Prof. Howard explains that a concept known as the "agricultural treadmill" has been a major contributing factor in the demise of the seed industry. Because demand for food is largely inelastic, any increase in production will cause crop prices to fall.

So as new farming technologies emerge, farmers that adopt them first inadvertently force all the other farmers to adopt them as well, just to maintain the same level of revenue. If they do not adopt them, or fail to

keep up with other farmers on the treadmill, they will eventually fall off, or be forced out of the farming business altogether.

Other factors include changes in policy that have decreased the barriers to accumulation that have prevented agricultural takeover in the past. By developing patented, transgenic traits, seed companies have been able to overcome a barrier to accumulation in agriculture.

When farmers cannot save their GM seeds, the corporate owners can effectively maintain a continual, yearly cash flow just from selling seeds and their corresponding pesticides and herbicides, which in turn makes agriculture a vastly more profitable enterprise for preying corporations like Monsanto than it used to be.

So what is the solution? Prof. Howard suggests improving antitrust enforcement, which will prevent the continual shift of seed company ownership and gradual accumulation of the food chain by a few large companies. Another idea is to create policies that fight against the agricultural treadmill phenomenon, and that instead promote independent, self-sustaining agricultural systems that maintain control of food with the people rather than the corporations.

Perhaps the most effective suggestion -- and one that we here at NaturalNews strongly advocate for as well -- is to end the practice of granting patents on living organisms.

By re-establishing this most-effective obstacle to accumulation, there will be no more incentive for multinational biotechnology companies like Monsanto to focus on dominating agriculture because there will be no more opportunity for the massive accumulation of wealth and capital through patented seeds.

Sources for this story include:

http://www.seedbuzz.com/knowledge-center/article/visualizing-consolid...

http://www.naturalnews.com/files/seedindustry.pdf

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/033148_seed_companies_Monsanto.html#ixzz1nov3oHjZ

Eugenics Record Office (ERO)

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The Eugenics Record Office was the last of three related scientific organizations established in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. The Biological Laboratory (1890), based on the European model of seaside research laboratories, was the second American field station for the study of biology. Charles Davenport, a Harvard-trained biologist, became director of the Laboratory in 1898. He was instrumental in persuading the Carnegie Institution of Washington to establish the second organization — the Station for Experimental Evolution — in 1903 on land adjoining the Biological Laboratory. The Station became one of the first American institutions to study genetics.

In 1910, Davenport further expanded his scientific empire when he persuaded the widow of railroad baron E.H Harriman to donate $10,000 to establish the Eugenics Record Office (ERO). The Office was eventually housed in a stucco building on a property adjacent to the Biological Laboratory.

To run the ERO, Davenport recruited a zealous superintendent from Missouri, Harry H. Laughlin, who shared his interest in chicken breeding. Under Laughlin's direction, the ERO became the epicenter of the American eugenics movement, amassing hundreds of thousands of family pedigrees, case studies, and indexed records. The ERO sponsored summer courses to train aspiring eugenics caseworkers and actively lobbied for the passage of state sterilization and national immigration restriction.

In the face of mounting evidence of serious flaws in eugenics research during the 1920s-30s, Laughlin's misuse of "data" and almost religious belief in his version of eugenics became an increasing embarrassment. Knowledge of the horrors of the Nazi application of eugenics sealed the fate of the American movement, and the ERO was closed in 1939.

• Harry H. Laughlin, Superintendent of Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor; President, American Eugenics Society, 1928-29
• Harry H. Laughlin, Superintendent of Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor; President, American Eugenics Society 1928-29
• Charles B. Davenport, Director of Biological Laboratory, Carnegie Department of Genetics and Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor
• Eugenics Record Office, field-worker's monthly report
• "Eugenics seeks to improve the natural, physical, mental and tempermental qualities of the human family," Eugenics Record Office
• Eugenics Record Office and AMA survey about hereditary blindness
• AMA/Eugenics Record Office survey about hereditary blindness
• Minutes of the first meeting of directors of Eugenics Record Office
• Charles Davenport letter to Mrs. E.H. Harriman about recruitment of first class
• "Notes on the history of the Eugenics Record Office"
• Minutes of the Eugenics Records Office's first board of directors' meeting
• "The system of indexing traits used at Eugenics Records Office"
• Eugenics Record Office, lantern slide
• Eugenics Record Office, board of scientific directors and functions
• Archives at the Eugenics Record Office
• Harry H. Laughlin
• Harry Laughlin and Charles Davenport outside new Eugenics Record Office (ERO)building
• Callie Black (pseudonym) of the Win Tribe, from Arthur Estabrook's scrapbook of field photographs from Amherst County, Virginia
• Susan Brown (pseudonym) from Arthur Estabrook's scrapbook of field photographs from Amherst County, and corresponding entry in Mongrel Virginians
• Field work for Mongrel Virginians in Amherst County, Virginia, Arthur Estabrook's scrapbook
• Dick Johnson (pseudonym) of the Win Tribe, from Arthur Estabrook's scrapbook of field photographs from Amherst County, Virginia
• "Triple Mixtures" (Caucasian-Indian-Negro) in Robeson County, North Carolina, from from Arthur Estabrook's scrapbook of field photographs
• "Dr. Crispell of Hurley, N.Y., who helped Dugdale in his study and source of most of his disease, etc., information. AHE"
• Field work for The Jukes in 1915, Arthur Estabrook photographs from Ulster County, New York
• Prison mug shot of VII20 and corresponding entry in Estabrook's typescript "The Jukes Data" (photo laid in Estabrook's copy of R. Dugdale's The Jukes)
• Prison mug shot of VI153 and corresponding entry in Estabrook's typescript "The Jukes Data" (photo laid in Estabrook's copy of R. Dugdale's The Jukes)
• Prison mug shot of V265 and corresponding entry in Estabrook's typescript "The Jukes Data" (photo laid in Estabrook's copy of R. Dugdale's The Jukes)
• I. McDougle letter to A. Estabrook, about research on mixed race marriages for Mongrel Virginians (5/3/1924)
• "Degenerate Family Cost State Heavily," about rediscovery of Dugdale's charts of real names of Jukes family members (1/18/1912)
• Brochure advertising Mongrel Virginians, by Arthur H. Estabrook and Ivan E. McDougle
• Mongrel Virginians: The Win Tribe, by A.H. Estabrook and I.E. McDougle, typescript corresponding to pp16-19 of book, w/ hand-written pseudonyms
• Mongrel Virginians: The Win Tribe, by A.H. Estabrook and I.E. McDougle, introduction of Estabrook's copy with added keys to pseudonyms
• Prison mug shot of Edgar (V428) and corresponding entry in The Jukes in 1915, by A.H. Estabrook (photo laid in copy of R. Dugdale's The Jukes)
• The Jukes in 1915, by Arthur H. Estabrook, selected pages
• The Nam Family, by A. Estabrook and C. Davenport, pedigree of V470 (p. 18) and corresponding field portraits from back of Estabrook's copy
• The Nam Family, by A. Estabrook and C. Davenport, pedigree of V87, V127, V155 (p. 21) and corresponding field portraits from back of Estabrook's copy
• The Nam Family, by A. Estabrook and C. Davenport, pedigree of V106-V109 (p. 26) and corresponding field portraits from back of Estabrook's copy
• The Nam Family: A Study in Cacogenics (Eugenics Record Office Memoir No. 2), by A.H. Estabrook and C.B. Davenport, introduction and early history
• The Nam Family, by A. Estabrook and C. Davenport, field photographs and portraits with pedigree numbers from back of Estabrook's copy
• The Nam Family, by A. Estabrook and C. Davenport, field photographs and portraits with pedigree numbers from back of Estabrook's copy.
• "This Boy Needs Care," S.C.A.A. News, item about feebleminded boy in pedigree VI422-VI133, from back of Estabrook's copy of The Nam Family
• Irving Fisher, T.H. Morgan, and Alexander Graham Bell at Eugenics Record Office Board Meeting, April 10, 1915, Eugenical News (vol. 14:8)
• "Alexander Graham Bell as Chairman of the Board of Scientific Directors of the Eugenics Record Office," Eugenical News (vol. 14:8)
• O.F. Lewis (NY Prison Association) letter to A.H. Estabrook, congratulating him on the publication of The Jukes in 1915 (10/26/1916)
• E.R. Evans letter to A. Estabrook, providing information about the Nam family child placed in foster care (2/14/1917)
• "The Tribe of Ishmael," by Arthur H. Estabrook, in Eugenics, Genetics and the Family (vol. 1)
• Eugenics Record Office (ERO) soon after construction
• Eugenics Record Office, archives room with card index on far wall and field worker files on right
• Stewart House, an existing Victorian structure that housed the Eugenics Record Office (ERO) 1910-1913 while new building was constructed next door
• Eugenics Record Office, about 1925
• Eugenics Record Office, interior with workers
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class of 1913, with Harry H. Laughlin (1) and Charles B. Davenport (6)
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class of 1913 (Laughlin in foreground, center, Davenport at blackboard, Stewart House in background)
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class of 1913 (Davenport lecturing at blackboard)
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class (Davenport lecturing)
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class of 1914 (Davenport and Laughlin seated 3rd and 5th in front row)
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class of 1916 (Davenport in front with Laughlin in rear with white tie)
• Eugenics Record Office, Annual Meeting of the Eugenics Research Association, 1918 (Laughlin in front, Stewart House in background)
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class of 1918 (Laughlin at back)
• Eugenics Record Office, Field Worker Training Class of 1920 (postcard)
• Field Worker Training Class of 1922 on field trip to Kings Park State Hospital (Laughlin on far right)
• "Homokak Family: A Nut Study," pedigree parody by Eugenics Record Office Field Worker Training Class of 1923
• Charles B. Davenport, Director of Biological Laboratory, Carnegie Department of Genetics and Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor
• Charles B. Davenport, Director of Biological Laboratory, Carnegie Department of Genetics and Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor (signed)
• Charles B. Davenport, Director of Biological Laboratory, Carnegie Department of Genetics and Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor
• Albert F. Blakeslee memo about procedures for answering mail after closure of the Eugenics Record Office
• Eugenics Record Office memo to instructors about using ERO trait forms for "required laboratory work in biology, sociology, and psychology"
• Eugenics Record Office memo to high school teachers about conducting student pedigree studies in science classes
• "Pedigree of Musical Capacity," Eugenics Record Office form including instructions to test sense of pitch, intensity, time, consonance, tone, rhythm
• "The Study of Human Heredity," by Davenport, Laughlin, Weeks, Johnstone, and Goddard, Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 2
• "Proposed Clinic of Human Heredity," a plan prepared by Harry H. Laughlin as the basis for negotiations with the Carnegie Institution of Washington
• "Transfer of ERO," Eugenical News (vol. 3), Carnegie Institution accepts gift of Eugenics Record Office from Mrs. E.H. Harriman
• "Clinical and Field Studies of the 1921 Training Class," Eugenics Record Office, Eugenical News (vol. 6)
• "Student Pedigree-Studies," (mechanical ability, by Margaret C. Mount; eye color, by Morris Steggerda)
• Charles Davenport letter to Francis Galton, about opening the Eugenics Record Office and the debt to him as founder of eugenics (10/26/1910)
• Morris Steggerda letter to Charles Davenport, thanking him for years of collaboration and friendship and calling him "a second Darwin" (1/10/1940)
• Charles Davenport letter to Morris Steggerda, acknowledging their collaboration and friendship over the years (1/15/1940)
• C. Davenport letter to M. Steggerda, "human genetics" replaces eugenics and "race crossing" is discouraged in a review of a research plan (5/25/1940)

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Thomas Pasmere Carpenter or Trader Tom, Amatoya / Moytoy I

About Chief Amatoya Moytoy

Amatoya Moytoy of Chota (pronounced mah-tie) was a Cherokee town chief of the early eighteenth century in the area of present-day Tennessee. Moytoy I is also called Amatoya Moytoy, Moytoy of Chota, and Moytoy the Elder. He held a prominent position among the Cherokee, and held the hereditary title Ama Matai (From the French matai and Cherokee ama--water), which meant "Water Conjurer". He ruled the town of Chota sometime between the beginning of the eighteenth century and 1730. He was born around 1640, and probably died in 1730. In 1680, he married Quatsie of Tellico. Many of their descendants went on to become prominent leaders, founding a family that effectively ruled the Cherokee for a century. One of their sons became Moytoy II (Pigeon of Tellico), the Principal Chief and Emperor of the Cherokee. Another son was Kanagatucko (also Old Hop & Standing Turkey), who briefly succeeded his brother as Principal Chief and Emperor from 1760-1761. Through his eldest daughter, Nancy Moytoy, Amatoya Moytoy was the grandfather of Attacullaculla (who was called Prince of Chota by the British because of this). He was also a great-grandfather of Nancy Ward. Descendants of Moytoy I include the families of Major Ridge, Elias Boudinot, Stand Watie, and Chief Nimrod Jarrett Smith. Nancy Ward first married Kingfisher, who was killed in Battle with the Creeks. They had two children Katie and Fivekiller. Nancy married second Bryant Ward and their child was Elizabeth Ward. Nancy Ward is buried in Benton, Polk County TN beside her son Fivekiller. See Emmett Star's book, History and Legends of the Cherokee People for a complete listing of Nancy's descendants. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moytoy_I A-ma = Water [Am-a = Salt], Do-ya = Beaver From the Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center (http://cherokeeregistry.firstlightonline.org) Cherokee and the Moytoy  Thomas Pasmere Carpenter at 20 years old came to Jamestown, Virginia from England in 1627. Thomas was the son of Robert Carpenter (1578 – 1651) and Susan Pasmere Jeffery (1579 – 1651). He had a ten acre lease in Virginia, but it was later given to someone else because of his age, so he went to live with the Shawnee and made his home in a cave. Thomas was called "Cornplanter" by the Shawnee, derived from their sign language that matched as near as possible to the work of a carpenter. He married a Shawnee woman named "Pride" and bore a son around 1635 named Trader Carpenter, and a daughter Pasmere Carpenter, about 1637. Together with partners John Greenwood and Thomas Watts they began a thriving fur business. Trader was taught to “witch” for water with a willow stick by the Shawnee. He was later known by the Cherokee as the "water conjurer" or Ama Matai (Ama is Cherokee for water). Ama Matai eventually became pronounced as Amatoya. It was also shortened to “Moytoy”, so he is known as Moytoy I. The clan grew quickly. Trader (Amatoya / Moytoy I) married a Shawnee named Locha in 1658. Pasmere married the grandfather of Cornstalk Hokolesqua (Shawnee) in 1660. The same year the clan was driven south by the Iroquois. They moved along the Tennessee river, starting the villages of Running Water (where Thomas died in 1675), Nickajack, Lookout Mountain, Crowtown and Chota. Chota was created as a merging place of refuge for people of all tribes, history or color. It became similar to a capital for the Cherokee nation. These villages grew to about 2000 people by 1670 when the Carpenter clan moved to Great Tellico. Here Trader (Amatoya / Motoy I) married Quatsy of the Wolf Clan in 1680. They bore a daughter Nancy in 1683. Though Amatoya (Trader) was chief of the above mentioned villages, it was his son Moytoy II (sometimes called "Trader-Tom") who was the one who actually became a Cherokee principle chief. In 1730, Trader-Tom (Moytoy II) took over as Chief, receiving what was described as the “Crown of Tannassy”. Tanasi was where the previous Chief resided and the traditional headdress was passed on to him. Several tribes, including the Cherokee, assisted colonists in driving out their mutual enemy, the Tuscarora, in a war that lasted from 1711-1713. However, with the Tuscarora out of the way, the tribes begin to address their grievances with the colonists -- primarily the sale of Native Americans into slavery despite agreements to discontinue this practice.  The result was a war, in 1715, in which the combined tribes in the region threatened to wipe-out the South Carolina Colony. Ultimately, the colonists were able to mass their forces and after achieving several victories the tribes began to sue for peace. Peace was made with the Cherokee who were given a large quantity of guns and ammunition in exchange for their alliance with the colony. In 1721, a treaty was signed with South Carolina. It also established a fixed boundary between the Cherokee and the colony. Although allied with the English, the Cherokee began to favor the French who had established Fort Toulouse near present Montgomery AL. The French showed greater respect for the Indians than the British who considered them an inferior race. To prevent a Cherokee alliance with the French, Sir Alexander Cuming visited the prominent Cherokee towns and convinced the Cherokee to select an "emperor", Chief Moytoy of Tellico, to represent the tribe in all dealings with the British. In addition, he escorted seven Cherokees to England who met with the King and swore allegiance to the crown. A treaty was signed obligating the Cherokee to trade only with the British, return all runaway slaves, and to expel all non-English whites from their territory. In return, the Cherokee received a substantial amount of guns, ammunition, and red paint. Although the seven Cherokee who made the trip were presented the to the king as "chiefs", only one could be considered a prominent Cherokee -- the others being young men who went for the adventure. The chiefs of the tribe declined due to their responsibilities for hunting and defense. However, one of the young men was Attacullakulla, known as "Little Carpenter", who later became a powerful and influential According to Chief Attakullakulla's ceremonial speech to the Cherokee Nation in 1750, we traveled here from "the rising sun" before the time of the stone age man. Amatoya's grandson (through daughter Nancy and an Algonquin named White Owl Raven who had been adopted by Trader-Tom ) was Attacullaculla, known as the "little carpenter" because of the Carpenter family name. Attacullaculla and several brothers traveled to London in 1730 with Sir Alexander Cumming to meet King George II. The fur trading Carpenter family owned many ships. Thomas made several trips to Barbados over the years where they did banking, and even to Scotland and Ireland. On occasion he took Trader, and Trader Tom with him. This line is descended from Vicomte Guillaume de Melun le Carpentier, and that links them to the British royal family. From James R. Hicks: There has been a lot of confusion about the descendants of Moytoy. I think this is because some people are not aware that there were two Chief Moytoys. The first was Chief Amatoya Moytoy of Chota, b abt 1640, who married Quatsy of Tellico (of the Wolf Clan). The second is Chief Moytoy, aka the Pigeon of Tellico, b abt 1687. The second Moytoy is believed to be either the son or grandson of Amatoya Moytoy. It is believed that Amatoya Moytoy had 3 sons and 8 daughters. These include Chief Kanagatoga "Old Hop", Nancy Moytoy, and two daughters with unknown names. Nancy Moytoy is believed to have been the mother of Chief Attakullakulla "Little Carpenter", Killaneca the Buck, Betsy and Tame Doe. Tame Doe was the mother of Tsistuna-Gis-Ke (Nancy Ward), and Longfellow of Chistatoa. from Sharon Reed http://thejamesscrolls.blogspot.com/2009/03/indian-trail-from-amatoya-moytoy-to-my.html: Amatoya Moytoy 1640 - 1730 Founder of a Family of Chiefs Amatoya Moytoy of Chota (pronounced mah-tie) was a Cherokee town chief of the early eighteenth century in the area of present-day Tennessee. He held a prominent position among the Cherokee, and held the hereditary title Ama Matai (From the French matai and Cherokee ama--water), which meant "Water Conjurer." His father was a European, Thomas Pasmere Carpenter, who was descended from the noble Anglo-Norman family of Vicomte Guillaume de Melun le Carpentier. Thus, Moytoy's European lineage can be traced to the Frankish Duke Ansegisel of Metz Meroving, Peppin II, and Charles Martel. This ancestry also makes the Cherokee Moytoys cousins to the Carpenter Earl of Tyrconnell, and thus related to the current British royal family. The Carpenter family of Devonshire & Plymouth England were small sailing ship owners, many of which were leased out to the East India Trading Company, an affiliation dating to the formation of that company December 31, 1600. Documented ownership of fifteen different ships owned by the Carpenter family, those of which were involved with moving furs between the Gulf Ports & Glasgow, or Dublin, and trade goods for North America. These ships usually made stops both directions at Barbados where the family had banking connections set up. These ships were small and fast, often able to make the crossing from Scotland and Ireland in less than thirty days. They were shallow draft ships, capable of handling shallow water ports with ease. The first documented trip made by Thomas Pasmere Carpenter occurred April 1640, sailing from Maryland to Barbados aboard the Hopewell, and returning on the Crispian in September 1640. He made another trip in March 1659 departing Charleston South Carolina aboard the Barbados Merchant, returning on the Concord in August 1659. Twenty year old Thomas Pasmere Carpenter came to Jamestown, Virginia from England in 1627, living in a cave near the Shawnee. Thomas was called "Cornplanter" by the Shawnee, derived from their sign language that matched as near as possible to the work of a carpenter. He married a Shawnee woman named "Pride" and bore a son around 1635 named Trader Carpenter. Amatoya was taught by his father to “witch” for water with a willow stick. He had become so adept at water witching that the Cherokee called him "water conjurer" or Ama Matai (Ama is Cherokee for water). Ama Matai eventually became pronounced as Amatoya. It was later shortened to “Moytoy”, so he is known as Moytoy I. He ruled the town of Chota sometime between the beginning of the eighteenth century and 1730. In 1680, Amatoya married Quatsie of Tellico. Many of their descendants went on to become prominent leaders, founding a family that effectively ruled the Cherokee for a century.